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Immunology > Innate Immune System 2 > Flashcards

Innate Immune System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How long has the innate immune system been around?

A

~500 million years

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2
Q

What are the professional phagocytes?

A

macrophages and neutrophils

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3
Q

Complement proteins, professional phagocytes, natural killer cells and dendritic cells make up what?

A

The innate immune system

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4
Q

What part of the Innate Immune system is also associated with the adaptive immune system?

A

Dendritic Cells

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5
Q

What is known as the “poor man’s antibodies?”

A

Complement system

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6
Q

The complement system acts as chemical signals to attract what?

A

phagocytes

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7
Q

What kind of complexes “poke holes in bad guys?”

A

membrane attack complexes (MACs)

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8
Q

For the roughly twenty proteins associated with the complement system, what is the primary source that makes the proteins?

A

Liver

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9
Q

T/F: Proteins are highly concentrated in blood and tissues.

A

True

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10
Q

What are the three pathways of the complement system that require activation?

A

Alternative, Lectin, and Classical Pathways

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11
Q

During which pathway of the complement system are complement proteins “spontaneously” activating and attaching to surfaces.

A

Alternate Pathway

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12
Q

T/F: antibodies are needed for the alternate pathway of the complement system

A

False; they are not needed.

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13
Q

What are the two parts that C3 will spontaneously split into as part of the alternate pathway?

A

C3a and C3b

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14
Q

T/F: C3a will either be neutralized by water within 60 microseconds or bind to a pathogen’s surface.

A

False; these are the possibilities for C3b

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15
Q

What will C3b bind to in the alternative pathway?

A

amino or hydroxyl groups

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16
Q

What is the most abundant complement protein in the Alternative Pathway?

A

C3

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17
Q

T/F: C3bBb causes other C3 complement proteins to split, and the result is more C3bBb complement proteins coating the invader.

A

True

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18
Q

How does C3bBb interact with and activate C5?

A

by cutting it in half

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19
Q

New C5b combining with other complement proteins (C6, C7, C8, and C9) will result in what?

A

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

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20
Q

What do chemoattractants (C3a and C5a) attract?

A

macrophages and neutrophils

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21
Q

What do chemoattractants (C3a and C3b) activate?

A

macrophages and neutrophils

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22
Q

What are the three protection proteins?

A

MCP, DAF, and Protectin

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23
Q

What does MCP stand for?

A

membrane cofactor protein

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24
Q

What does MCP do to C3b?

A

turns C3b into an inactive form

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25
Q

What does DAF stand for?

A

decay accelerating factor

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26
Q

What does DAF do to convertase (C3bBb)?

A

accelerates the destruction of convertase

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27
Q

CD59, a cell surface protein is also known as what?

A

Protectin

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28
Q

How does Protectin protect cells?

A

removes MACs before they drill holes.

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29
Q

What is the default option of the alternate pathway?

A

Death: any surface not protected against binding by complement fragments will be targeted for destruction.

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30
Q

What does MBL stand for?

A

Mannose-binding lectin protein

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31
Q

What pathway is MBL associated with?

A

Lectin Activation Pathway

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32
Q

Where is MBL primarily produced?

A

liver

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33
Q

T/F: MBL is present in very high amounts in blood and tissues.

A

False; MBL is present in moderate amounts in blood and tissues

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34
Q

What activates the Complement System by binding MASP which clips C3 to make C3b?

A

MBL

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35
Q

What does MASP stand for?

A

MBL associated serine protein

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36
Q

Lectin is a protein that attaches to what kind of molecule?

A

carbohydrate

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37
Q

T/F: Mannose is a monosaccharide found on the surface of only parasites.

A

False; Mannose is found on many pathogens.

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38
Q

What are the two most important professional phagocytes?

A

macrophages and neutrophils

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39
Q

T/F: Macrophages roam around in blood.

A

False; macrophages roam around in tissue while neutrophils roam around in blood.

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40
Q

What are the three stages of readiness for macrophages?

A

Resting, Activated or Primed, and Hyperactive

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41
Q

Which stage of readiness will you find macrophages slowly proliferating and casually eating/snacking?

A

Resting stage of readiness

42
Q

What kind of cells do monocytes give rise to?

A

dendritic cells and macrophages

43
Q

After monocytes circulate in blood, exit blood, and differentiate in tissues, what kind of cells will they give rise to?

A

macrophages

44
Q

During which stage of readiness will macrophages express very few Class II MHCs?

A

Resting stage of readiness

45
Q

When will resting macrophages convert to primed macrophages?

A

after receiving a signal that there are bad guys in the area

46
Q

T/F: Primed Macrophages express even less Class II MHCs than resting macrophages.

A

False; many more Class I MHCs are expressed

47
Q

T/F: Interferon gamma can prime a macrophage.

A

True

48
Q

T/F: primed macrophages can produce several complement proteins.

A

True

49
Q

T/F: resting macrophages work more with helper T cells than do Primed macrophages.

A

False; vice versa

50
Q

T/F: Resting macrophages function much more as an antigen presenting cell than do Primed macrophages.

A

False; vice versa

51
Q

What converts a primed macrophage to a hyperactive macrophage?

A

a direct signal from a bad guy

52
Q

LPS or Mannose from a bacterial cell wall will do what to a primed macrophage?

A

convert it to a hyperactive macrophage

53
Q

At what stage of readiness will macrophages emit cytokines (TNF) and stop proliferating?

A

Hyperactive

54
Q

At what stage of readiness will macrophages focus all of their attention on killing and grow large enough to eat whole cells?

A

Hyperactive

55
Q

T/F: Hyperactive Macrophages have a decreased number of lysosomes.

A

False; they have a increased number

56
Q

T/F: Hyperactive macrophages have an increased production of ROS (reactive oxygen species).

A

True

57
Q

What can hyperactive macrophages do to multicellular parasites?

A

dump their toxic contents onto them.

58
Q

When is a macrophage considered a garbage collector?

A

while resting

59
Q

When is a macrophage considered a vicious killer?

A

while hyperactivated

60
Q

When is a macrophage considered an antigen presenting cell and killer?

A

While activated

61
Q

T/F: there are about 20 bilion neutrophils in the blood.

A

True

62
Q

T/F: Neutrophils present antigens.

A

False; they do NOT present antigens

63
Q

Are Neutrophils long lived or short lived?

A

Short lived (5 days)

64
Q

After exiting the blood, how long will it take neutrophils to become activated?

A

about 30 minutes

65
Q

T/F: neutrophils are active while traveling through the blood.

A

False; neutrophils activate after they slow down and exit the blood

66
Q

SEL, SLIG, ICAM, and INT are all what kind of molecules?

A

Adhesion molecules

67
Q

What does SEL stand for?

A

selectin

68
Q

Where is SEL expressed after receiving alarm signals?

A

endothelial cells

69
Q

T/F: SEL binds to SLIG

A

True

70
Q

Where is SLIG expressed?

A

on the surface of neutrophils

71
Q

What does SLIG stand for?

A

Selectin ligand

72
Q

What does ICAM stand for?

A

intercellular adhesion molecule

73
Q

Where is ICAM expressed?

A

on the lumen surface of capillary endothelial cells

74
Q

What does INT stand for?

A

Integrin

75
Q

INT is pre-made and rapidly transported where after being signaled?

A

the surface of the neutrophil

76
Q

T/F: INT strongly binds to ICAM.

A

True

77
Q

What signal molecules are expressed by macrophages when they are primed or hyperactive that let the neutrophil know a bad guy is present leading to the neutrophil exiting the blood?

A

IL-1 and TNF

78
Q

What stimulates capillary endothelial cells to express SEL?

A

IL-1 and TNF

79
Q

How long does it take capillary endothelial cells to express SEL?

A

about 6 hours

80
Q

T/F: Neutrophils can slow down enough to sense inflammation.

A

True

81
Q

What transports INT to its surface?

A

Neutrophil

82
Q

What happens to INT after it binds to ICAM?

A

It stops.

83
Q

What do C5a and bacterial fragments attract in tissue?

A

Neutrophils

84
Q

What special initiator amino acid do all bacterial proteins begin with? Hint: as they ingest bacteria, macrophages burp up these peptides.

A

formyl methionine (f-met)

85
Q

Giving off cytokines and forcing cells to commit suicide are the two roles of what cells?

A

Natural Killer Cells

86
Q

Where are most NK cells found?

A

blood, liver and spleen

87
Q

What is the exit strategy of NK cells for leaving the blood?

A

Roll, stop, exit strategy

88
Q

T/F: NK cells are short-lived (one week).

A

True

89
Q

T/F: NK cells proliferate slowly.

A

False, they proliferate rapidly.

90
Q

Perforin pokes a hole in the membrane like the complement system. Then what?

A

Injects enzymes that cause the cell to die (apoptosis)

91
Q

What does the Fas ligand on NK cells bind to on the invader?

A

Fas protein

92
Q

What transmembrane protein in the TNF family triggers suicide (apoptosis)?

A

Fas ligand

93
Q

What is “cleaner,” apoptosis or necrosis?

A

apoptosis

94
Q

What is the “don’t kill” signal present on cell surfaces?

A

MHC I receptors

95
Q

What kind of receptors are kill signals?

A

Activating receptors

96
Q

What kind of receptors bind the Fc region of IgG?

A

IgG3 receptors

97
Q

T/F: Natural killer cells do not have T cell receptors.

A

True.

98
Q

What causes the NK cell to kill target (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity)?

A

IgG3 receptors

99
Q

T/F: Resting NK cells make more cytokines and are more effective killers than Activated NK cells.

A

False; vice versa

100
Q

What growth factor causes NK cells to proliferate when expressing IL-2 receptors?

A

IL-2

101
Q

What do the following have in common: a lack of MHCs, LPS, Interferon alpha, Interferon beta, TNF, and IL-12?

A

they are all signals that activate NK cells

102
Q

When are interferons usually given off by cells?

A

When under viral attack

Immunology (6 decks)

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