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Immunology > Antigen Presentation > Flashcards

Antigen Presentation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for something that causes the immune system to create antibodies specifically targeting that something?

A

Antigen

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2
Q

What is the term for an antigen that a given B cell’s receptors recognize?

A

Cognate Antigen

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3
Q

What is the part of the antigen that the antibody recognizes and attaches?

A

Epitope

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4
Q

What is the part of the antibody that recognizes and attaches to the epitope?

A

paratope

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5
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

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6
Q

Which MHC is associated with almost all cells of the body?

A

MHC I

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7
Q

Which MHC allows us to see what is being made in the cells?

A

MHC I

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8
Q

Which MHC is only associated with antigen presenting cells?

A

MHC II

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9
Q

Special cells eat protein (phagocytosis) outside of the cell, break it down, and present the fragments on the cell surface. Which MHC is associated with this process?

A

MHC II

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10
Q

Cells constantly break down proteins created within the cell and present them on the cell surface. Which MHC is associated with this?

A

MHC I

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11
Q

What are endogenous proteins?

A

proteins made in the cell

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12
Q

During Antigen presentation by MHC I, what type of proteins are constantly being broken down into fragments?

A

Endogenous proteins

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13
Q

What are cytotoxic lymphocytes associated with anitgen presentation by MHC I?

A

Killer T cells

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14
Q

During antigen presentation by MHC I, what are responsible for constantly inspecting the presented fragments?

A

Cyotoxic lymphocytes (Killer T cells)

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15
Q

What molecules bind to protein fragments created in the cell and bring them to the surface of the cell?

A

MHCs

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16
Q

Which MHC is most like a constantly updating billboard that advertises what is being made in the cell?

A

MHC I

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17
Q

What kind of proteins are presented by MHC I?

A

ordinary cellular proteins (enzymes and structural), proteins encoded by viruses and parasite proteins

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18
Q

What cells express MHC I molecules?

A

almost every cell in the body

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19
Q

What do proteasomes constantly chew up?

A

cellular protein (normally deal with defective proteins)

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20
Q

What are peptides?

A

protein fragments

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21
Q

T/F: Some peptides are brought to the endoplasmic reticulum where they are attached to MHC II molecules.

A

False; they brought here to attach to MHC I molecules

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22
Q

Where is the peptide-MHC I complex transported?

A

to the cell surface

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23
Q

What are the specific transport proteins for MHC I molecules named?

A

TAP 1 and TAP 2

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24
Q

T/F: most peptides are broken down into individual amino acids and excreted as wastes.

A

False: they are broken down but for the purpose of reuse

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25
Q

How many MHC I genes are there?

A

6; 3 from mom, 3 from dad

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26
Q

What are the three main gene variants for MHC I?

A

HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C

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27
Q

T/F: MHC I molecules have an ability to bind many different kinds of peptides.

A

True

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28
Q

How long are most peptides that bind to MHC I molecules?

A

8-11 amino acids long

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29
Q

T/F: peptides bound to MHC I molecules are anchored at only one end.

A

False; they are anchored at both ends

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30
Q

What cells have the responsibility of inspecting peptides displayed by MHC I molecules as self or non-self?

A

Killer T cells

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31
Q

What are CTLs?

A

cytotoxic lymphocytes (killer T cells)

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32
Q

What kind of cells eat extracellular proteins?

A

Antigen Presenting cells (APCs)

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33
Q

Where are MHC II molecules made?

A

cytosol

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34
Q

Where are MHC II molecules injected after being made?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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35
Q

What special protein protects the binding are of the MHC II molecule?

A

Invariant Chain Protein

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36
Q

What is released into an endosome?

A

MHC II complex

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37
Q

What is fused with the endosome (with MHC II)?

A

the phagosome (with extracellular protein)

38
Q

What breaks down the extracellular protein with the endosome producing peptides?

A

enzymes

39
Q

During Antigen Presentation by MHC II, where is the invariant chain protein broken down by enzymes?

A

within the endosome

40
Q

T/F: during antigen presenting, the MHC II complex is preserved throughout the process.

A

True

41
Q

What are the three types of antigen presenting cells?

A

Activated dendritic cells, activated macrophages, and activated B cells

42
Q

T/F: all APCs are white blood cells

A

True

43
Q

Where are all APCs made?

A

bone marrow

44
Q

T/F: some APCs can function without being activated first.

A

false; all APCs must be activated first

45
Q

While the MHC II molecule is in the ER, what sits in the groove to prevent other proteins from binding?

A

the invariant chain

46
Q

What is the job of the invariant chain?

A

to guide the MHC II through the ER and golgi apparatus to an endosome

47
Q

T/F: MHC II molecules are only open on one end.

A

False; they are open on both ends

48
Q

How long are most peptides bound to MHC II molecules?

A

13-25 amino acids

49
Q

When the peptides are longer than the area where they bind to the MHC molecule they are allowed to hang over the ends. Which class of MHC is this associated with?

A

MHC II

50
Q

When the peptides are longer than the area where they bind to the MHC molecule they are allowed to bulge out. Which class of MHC is this associated with?

A

MHC I

51
Q

What kind of cells can be considered T cell-activating cells?

A

Antigen Presenting Cells

52
Q

What cells present the antigen to killer T cells and helper T cells?

A

APCs

53
Q

What is required for T cell activation?

A

high levels of MHCs

54
Q

What cells provide the co-stimulatory molecules required for T cell activation?

A

APCs

55
Q

What type of APCs initiate the immune response by activating virgin T cells?

A

Activated dendritic cells

56
Q

Where are Sentinel cells located?

A

beneath epithelial cells

57
Q

What are naive or virgin lymphocytes?

A

B or T cells which have never been activated?

58
Q

What are experienced lymphocytes?

A

B or T cells which have been activated

59
Q

T/F: in normal tissue dendritic cells can take in four times their volume of extracellular fluid per hour.

A

True

60
Q

T/F: dendritic cells are constantly taking in and spitting out (constantly tasting) extracellular fluid.

A

True

61
Q

What is a co-stimulator of dendritic cells?

A

B7

62
Q

T/F: Dendritic cells are considered very good antigen presenting cells.

A

False, they are not very good APCs

63
Q

What signals activate dendritic cells?

A

chemical signals from cells engage in battle and recognition of common molecular patterns

64
Q

What are most pattern recognition receptors?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

65
Q

How many TLRs have been discovered so far?

A

11

66
Q

After activated, how long do activated dendritic cells stay in the tissue?

A

about 6 hours

67
Q

How long do activated dendritic cells live in lymph nodes?

A

about a week

68
Q

If an activated dendritic cell is infected with a virus at the battle ground, where will it be displayed?

A

on MHC I

69
Q

T/F: Activated Dendritic cells have an increased expression of B7 co-stimulatory proteins

A

True

70
Q

Prior to leaving the battle ground, what do activated dendritc cells make that attract monocytes into the area?

A

cytokines

71
Q

After cytokines attract monocytes into the area, what do the monocytes become?

A

dendritic cells

72
Q

After sentinel cells sample antigens in tissues, where do they take the samples?

A

lymph node

73
Q

Where do activated dendritic cells present the antigen?

A

to virgin T cells

74
Q

T/F: Activated Dendritic cells are long lived.

A

False, they are short lived.

75
Q

T/F: Activated dendritic cells kill invaders.

A

False, they get others to do the killing.

76
Q

What are considered the garbage collectors?

A

Activated Macrophages

77
Q

What cells re-stimulate activated T-cells?

A

Activated Macrophages

78
Q

T/F: Activated macrophages are considered ferocious killers

A

True

79
Q

T/F: experienced T cells only need to stimulated once.

A

False; experienced T cells nee continual re-stimulation

80
Q

What cells activate virgin Tcells?

A

Activated dendritic cells

81
Q

T/F: Virgin B cells make little MHC II and little B7.

A

True

82
Q

T/F: Virgin B cells are used as APC at the beginning of a battle.

A

False

83
Q

What activated B cells?

A

meeting their cognate antigen

84
Q

T/F: Experience Activate B cells are able to present antigens for helper T cells and concentrate antigen for presentation.

A

True

85
Q

How long does it take a B cell to capture the antigen and present it on the cell surface on an MHC II complex?

A

30 minutes

86
Q

Do B cell receptors have a high or low affinity for their anitgen?

A

very high

87
Q

T/F: Activated B cells have 100-10,000 fold ability to activate T cells over other APCs.

A

True

88
Q

Which MHC displays what is happening outside the cell?

A

MHC II

89
Q

When do professional phagocytes eat the invader?

A

if the invader is outside the cell

90
Q

If the invader gets inside the cell, which MHC shows CTLs what’s going on?

A

MHC I

Immunology (6 decks)

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