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clinmed ii > Systems Review > Flashcards

Systems Review Flashcards

1
Q

purpose of systems review

A

identify non-MSK red flags

looking for COMBOS of red flags

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2
Q

what kinds of systems are determined from hx and observation

A

i.e. aerobic exertion indicating cardio/respiratory

i.e. sx with eating indicating GI

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3
Q

constitutional S&S

A

fever
chills
seats
weight change
N&V
dixxy/lightheaded
fatigue > 2 wks
weakness
paraesthesias
malaise
cognitive change

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4
Q

functions of urinary system

A

filter fluid from renal blood flow (remove waste and maintain fluid/solute balance)

stimulate RBC production

BP regulation

convert vit D to active form

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5
Q

Urinary S&S

A

p! in trunk, flank, and/or pelvic region

discoloration

urinary change (frequency, urgency, bleeding, pus)

dysfunction (flow, initiation, control)

Nocturia (wake up to urinate)

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6
Q

review components for urinary system

A

mostly from Hx

observation of urine

P! with kidney percussion

P! with bladder palpation/percussion

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7
Q

where is the flank area

A

costovertebral junction of T12 - L1 area

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8
Q

functions of the reproductive system

A

produce sex cells and create sex hormones with endocrine system

maintain fertilized egg for development

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9
Q

S&S of reproductive system

A

P! in pelvis, LB, abdominal regions, and/or sexual organs

sexual/bladder/bowel dysfunction

abnormal menstruation or discharge from sex organs

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10
Q

early and unknown pregnancy indications

A

polyuria
breast tenderness
fatigue
N&V
heart burn
constipation
abnormal vaginal discharge

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11
Q

review components for reproductive system

A

most from Hx

observation is unlikely

no other specific assessment

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12
Q

what organs make up the metabolic system

A

gut, liver, adipose tissue, pancreas, kidney, and muscle

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13
Q

functions of metabolic system

A

conversion of foods/liquids to energy and building blocks for protein, fat, carbs, etc

elimination of waste

fluid/electrolyte balance which is key for cellular metabolism

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14
Q

characteristics of metabolic S&S

A

very varied

due to imbalance of fluid, electrolyte, and/or pH

if S&S dont match to a specific system and seem widespread, ots possibly a metabolic condition because an altered metabolism can affect multiple systems

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15
Q

most common fluid and electrolyte imbalances are associated with what

A

polyuria and/or dehydration

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16
Q

examples of things that can cause polyuria and dehydration

A

diabetes
kidney dysfunction
malignancy
alcoholism/liver disease
medication side affects
burns
surgery
diarrhea
N&V

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17
Q

what regulates most electrolytes in the body

A

kidneys

followed by intestines, bone, and parathyroid

18
Q

how does sodium affect fluid/electrolyte balance

A

maintains fluid volume and potential between cells for messages to and from CNS

hypoatremia is most frequent electrolyte disorder and contributor to neuro S&S

19
Q

how does potassium affect fluid/electrolyte balance

A

maintain fluid volume

hypokalemia related to cardia arrhythmias

hyperkalemia related to muscle dysfunction

20
Q

how does calcium affect fluid/electrolyte balance

A

involved in bone health, muscle action, nerve impulses, circulation, and hormones

21
Q

how does phosphorus affect fluid/electrolyte balance

A

majority is located in bones/teeth

plays crucial role with metabolism for the growth, maintenance, and repair of all tissues

22
Q

how does bicarbonate affect fluid/electrolyte balance

A

works as acid buffer

diarrhea is main reason for loss of bicarb

23
Q

how does magnesium affect fluid/electrolyte balance

A

mainly involved in neuromuscular function

24
Q

how does chloride affect fluid/electrolyte balance

A

regulates fluid in and out of cells

25
Q

skin S&S of fluid and electrolyte imbalance

A

loss of skin elasticity

warm/flushed due to vasodilation from impaired circulation and thermoregulation with metabolic acidosis or diabetes

pale and cool due to vasoconstriction and hypovolemia or dehydration

26
Q

neuromuscular irritabilities related to fluid and electrolyte imbalance

A

fatigue
twitching
cramping
tetany

27
Q

CNS involvement affected by fluid/electrolyte imbalance

A

memory impairement

depression

delusions/hallucinations

seizures

28
Q

cardiovascular changes affected by fluid/electrolyte imbalance

A

tachycardia
postural hypotension
altered respiration

29
Q

what is normal function for pH balance

A

pH ideally between 7.35 and 7.45

kidneys remove acids and keep bases

lungs balance the acidic CO2

30
Q

four classes of pH imbalance

A

respiratory acidosis

respiratory alkalosis

metabolic acidosis

metabolic alkalosis

31
Q

S&S that occur with all classes of pH imbalance

A

confusion and fatigue S&S

32
Q

what is respiratory acidosis

A

lowered pH due to hypoventilation and accumulation of acidic CO2 that may occur with:

-disorders that affect respiration
-drugs that supress respiration like opiods/muscle relaxers
-sleep apnea

33
Q

S&S of respiratory acidosis

A

HA
anxiety

may progress to
-memory loss/personality changes
-sleep disturbances
-incoordination/tremors

34
Q

what is respiratory alkalosis

A

higher pH due to hyperventilation leading to a loss of acidic CO2 that may occur with

-pulmonary conditions
-anxiety
-anemia with less oxygenation

35
Q

S&S of respiratory alkalosis

A

SOB is often the ONLY sign

lightheadedness

otherwise highly variable

36
Q

what is metabolic acidosis

A

lowered pH

MOST common acid base abnormality

accululation of H+ ions that can occur with:
-diabetes with a build up of ketones/acids (most common)
-diarrhea/dehydration leading to greater acid conc.
-kidney diseases that hold onto too many acids

37
Q

S&S of metabolic acidosis

A

long deep breaths with a fruity smell due to ketoacidosis

diabetes cardinal S&S
-frequent urination
-dry mouth
-thirst
-decreased skin turgor
-blurry vision
-weakness/fatigue

38
Q

what is metabolic alkalosis

A

higher pH

accumulation of bicarbonate base that can occur with:
-vomitting by loss of stomach acid
-kidney disorders or meds that keep too many bases
-excessive antacid, laxitive, or diuretic meds
-diarrhea

39
Q

S&S of metabolic alkalosis

A

HA

neuromuscular excitability
-paresthesias/numbness
-twitching and cramping particular in hands and feet (trousseau sign)
-seizures

muscle alterations due to associated lowering of calcium
-skeletal weakness
-cardiac arrhythmias

40
Q

what is the most common metabolic condition

A

diabetes

41
Q

metabolic review components

A

Hx

observation
-muscle twitch
-altered respiration
-memory loss
-incoordination
-dry mouth
-fruity breath

weak resisted/MMT

possibly altered sensation with neuro

abdominal assessment, pain with palpation/percussion of
-liver
-pancreas
-kidney

standard vitals
-irregular heart beat
-postural hypotension
-altered respiratory rate

palpation
-loss of skin mobility
-extreme skin temp

clinmed ii (12 decks)

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