Systems of the Body Flashcards by Courtney W

12 systems of the human body

Skeletal- example = bones
Cardiovascular organs- example = heart
Digestive- example = alimentary canal, like stomach and intestines
Respiratory- example = lungs
Urinary- example = organs that collect urine, like kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Reproductive- example = genital, like testes for males and uterine tubes, uterus and vagina for females
Nervous- example = brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Muscular- example = the three muscle types: skeletal, visceral, and cardiac
Endocrine- example = all ductless glands, like the testes, ovaries, pancreas, adrenals, thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, pineal, and pituitary
Integumentary- example = composed of skin and areas like hair, nails, and sweat/oil glands, also regulates body temperature
Lymphatic System = example Lymph Nodes
Immune System- example = areas that fight disease, like WBC

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How many bones does the human skeleton contain? Axial? Appendicular?

206
80
126

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5 part of the axial skeleton

Skull
Hyoid
Auditory
Vertebral column
Thorax

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2 parts of the skull bones

Cranium (8)
Facial bones (14)

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8 cranium bones

Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Occipital
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

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14 facial bones

Nasal (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Inferior Nasal Concha  (2)
Maxilla (2)
Mandible
Palatine (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Vomer

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3 auditory bones

Stapes
Incus
Malleus

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5 parts of the vertebral column

Cervical-7
Thoracic-12
Lumbar-5
Sacrum-1 (fused 5)
Coccyx-1 (fused 4)

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2 parts of the thorax

Sternum-1

Ribs-24 (12 each side)

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Cartilage that connects the sternum and the ends of the ribs

Costal cartilage

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Ribs 1-7 because they attach directly to the sternum

True ribs

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Ribs 8-10 because they DO NOT attach directly to the sternum

False ribs

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Ribs 11-12 because they attach only to vertebrae

Floating ribs

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Spaces between the ribs

Intercostal spaces

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2 parts of the shoulder girdle

Clavicles 2

Scapula 2

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6 parts of the upper limbs

Humerus	 2
Ulna 2
Radius 2
Carpals 16
Metacarpals 10
Phalanges 28

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7 parts of the lower limbs

Femur 2
Tibias 2
Fibula 2
Patella 2
Tarsals 14
Metatarsals 10
Phalanges 28

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4 parts of the appendicular skeleton

Shoulder girdles
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs

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3 parts the hip consists of

Ischium
Ilium
Pubis

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4 classifications of bones

Long (humerus of arm)
Short (carpal of wrist)
Flat (sternum)
Irregular (vertebra)

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3 functional types of joints

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

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Immovable Joints

Example would be the cranial sutures

Synarthrosis

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Limited Movement

Example would be roots of teeth

Amphiarthrosis

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Freely Moveable Joint

Example would be knee joint, shoulder joint

Diarthrosis

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6 types of movement

``` Gliding/Plane Hinge Pivot Ellipsoid/Condyloid Saddle Ball and Socket ```

Sliding or gliding motion | Example: intercarpal joints of the wrist

Gliding/Plane

Permit flexion and extension | Example: elbow, knee, ankle

Hinge

Allows rotational movement around a single axis | Example: atlas and axis = atlas rotates around the dens of the axis and allows the head to rotate to either side

Pivot

Permit flexion and extension AND abduction and adduction | Example: radiocarpal joint of the wrist

Ellipsoid/Condyloid

Like the ellipsoid joint, except the two saddlelike structures fit into each other Example: first carpometacarpal joint

Saddle

Allows the greatest freedom of motion, adds lateral and medial rotation to the ellipsoid Example is hip joint or shoulder joint

Ball-and-socket

Moving away from the midline

Abduction

Moving toward the midline

Adduction

Circular movement of a limb

Circumduction

Straightening or increasing the joint angle

Extension

Bending or decreasing the joint angle

Flexion

Outward stress movement

Eversion

Inward stress movement

Inversion

Turning downward

Pronation

Turning upward

Supination

Forward movement; gliding motion anteriorly

Protraction

Backward movement Moves structure back to anatomic position or even further posteriorly Ex: scapulae and mandibles

Retraction

Lifting, raising, or movement of a part superiorly

Elevation

Letting down, lowering, or moving a part inferiorly

Depression

Flexion or bending the foot toward the leg

Dorsiflexion

Flexion or bending the foot downward toward the sole

Plantar flexion

Turning away from the regular standard or course

Deviation

Flexing toward radius

Radial deviation

Flexing toward ulna

Ulnar deviation

Turning toward midline

Internal rotation

Turning away from midline

External rotation

Hunchback

Kyphosis

Swayback

Lordosis

Curve to the right; forming a backward "C" shape

Dextroscoliosis

Curve to the left; forming a "C" shape

Levoscoliosis

The heart is a muscular pumping organ located medial to the lungs along the body’s midline in the thoracic region. The bottom tip of the heart, known as its apex, is turned to the left. The top of the heart, known as the heart’s base, connects to the great blood vessels of the body: the aorta, vena cava, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary veins.

Cardiovascular system

Right and left ventricles separated by this

Interventricular septum

13 steps in the path of blood

IVC to the SVC of the RT ATRIUM of the heart, through the TRICUSPID OR RIGHT ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) into the RT VENTRICLE of the heart. From here it flows through the PULMONARY VALVE into the PULMONARY ARTERY, which takes the blood to the LUNG to pick up oxygen. Blood returns by way of the PULMONARY VEIN into the LT ATRIUM of the heart, through the MITRAL VALVE OR LEFT ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) and into the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart, which sends oxygenated blood through the AORTIC VALVE into the AORTA which carries the blood to the body & flows to the brachiocephalic, carotid and subclavian arteries

Which side of the heart handles venous/deoxygenated blood? Arterial/oxygenated blood?

Right | Left

Muscular wall of the heart

Myocardium

Inner lining of the heart

Endocardium

Thin membrane that covers the heart

Epicardium

Double-walled outermost covering/sac of the heart

Pericardium

Carry blood away from the heart

Arteries

Smaller branch of artery

Arteriole

Vessel for returning blood to heart

Vein

Smaller branch of vein

Venule

Smallest vessel, connects arterioles and venules, supplies oxygen and removes waste

Capillary

Largest artery in the body Approximately 2.5 cm If over 5 cm, surgery candidate for aneurysm

Aorta

Largest veins in the body

Superior and inferior vena cava

2 circulation circuits

Systemic | Pulmonary

Carries oxygenated blood to organs and tissue

Systemic

Takes blood to lungs to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen

Pulmonary

A condition in which cramping pain in the leg is induced by exercise, typically caused by obstruction of the arteries

Claudication

The blockage or closing of a blood vessel or hollow organ

Occlusion

Weakened area of an artery that is “ballooned” | If blood flows on the weakened wall it can burst

Aneurysm

Lack of normal heart rhythm

Arrythmia

Slow heartbeat, less than 60 beats per minute

Bradycardia

Rapid heartbeat, greater than 100 beats per minute

Tachycardia

Arteries that serve the heart are obstructed or narrowed, most commonly from atherosclerosis

Coronary Artery Disease

Deposits of plaque inside the arteries

Atherosclerosis

Caused by high blood pressure that forces the layers of the aortic walls to separate

Aortic dissection

Thickening of valvular tissue that results in narrow valve openings

Stenosis

Procedure in which small, selected areas of the heart are destroyed to treat tachycardia

Ablation

Group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body Food passes through a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) Any modality can image these areas, fluoroscopic procedures too

Digestive system

8 parts in the path of food

``` Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Liver and Gallbladder Pancreas Large Intestine ```

Funnel-shaped tube connected to the posterior end of the mouth Responsible for the passing of masses of chewed food from the mouth to the esophagus Also plays important role in respiratory system as air from the nasal canal passes through this on its way to the larynx and eventually the lungs Because it serves two different functions, contains flap of tissue known as the epiglottis that acts as a switch to route food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

Pharynx

6 primary processes of the digestive system

``` Ingestion of food Secretion of fluids and digestive system Mixing and movement of food and wastes through the body Digestion of food into smaller pieces Absorption of nutrients Excretion of wastes ```

Muscular tube connecting pharynx to stomach that's part of upper GI tract Carries swallowed masses of chewed food along its length

Esophagus

Muscular ring at inferior end of esophagus that closes off end of esophagus and traps food in stomach

Lower esophageal sphincter/cardiac sphincter

Muscular sac located on left side of abdominal cavity just inferior to diaphragm In average person, size of their two fists placed next to each other Acts as storage tank for food so body has enough time to digest large meals properly Also contains hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes that continue the digestion of food that began in mouth

Stomach

Long, thin tube about 1 in in diameter and about 10 ft long that’s part of lower GI tract Located just inferior to stomach and takes up most of space in abdominal cavity Entire thing is coiled like a hose and inside surface full of many ridges and folds used to maximize digestion of food and absorption of nutrients By time food leaves this, around 90% of all nutrients have been extracted from food that entered it

Small intestine

Roughly triangular accessory organ located to right of stomach just inferior to diaphragm and superior to small intestine Weighs about 3 lb and is second largest organ in body Main function in digestion is production of bile and secretion into small intestine

Liver

Small, pear-shaped organ located just posterior to liver | Used to store and recycle excess bile from small intestine so it can be reused for digestion of subsequent meals

Gallbladder

Large gland located just inferior and posterior to stomach About 6 in long and shaped like short, lumpy snake with its “head” connected to the duodenum and its “tail” pointing to the left wall of the abdominal cavity Secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine to complete chemical digestion of food

Pancreas

Long, thick tube about 2 ½ in in diameter and about 5 ft long Located just inferior to stomach and wraps around superior and lateral border of small intestine Absorbs water and contains many symbiotic bacteria that aid in breaking down of wastes to extract some small amounts of nutrients

Large intestine

4 main parts of large intestine

Cecum: first part of the large intestine Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid) Rectum Anal canal: terminates at the anus, feces exit here

Consists of the upper and lower respiratory tracts | X-ray and CT best to image these areas

Respiratory system

6 parts of the upper respiratory tract

``` Nose Mouth Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx ```

Air enters respiratory tract, hairs filter out dust

Nose

Air enters respiratory tract

Mouth

Extend from the posterior nostril to the soft palate

Nasopharynx

Extend from the soft palate to the upper portion of epiglottis

Oropharynx

Extend from the epiglottis to the larynx

Laryngopharynx

Contain the vocal cords (voice box), connects the pharynx with the trachea

Larynx

3 parts of the lower respiratory tract

Trachea Bronchi Lungs

Windpipe, lies half in the neck and half in the thorax, c-shaped cartilage rings reinforce and protect the trachea

Trachea

Trachea branches into the carina/Tracheal Bifurcation, into two smaller airways, the left and right mainstem

Bronchi

Each of the pair of organs situated within the rib cage, consisting of elastic sacs with branching passages into which air is drawn, so that oxygen can pass into the blood and carbon dioxide be removed

Lungs

A membranous partition between two body cavities or two parts of an organ, especially that between the lungs

Mediastinum

Shortness of breath

Dyspnea

Bluish discoloration of the skin from deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood Bluish color that’s caused by an excess of oxygen starved hemoglobin molecules in the blood

Cyanosis

Absence or near absence of oxygen

Anoxia

Coughing or spitting up blood

Hemoptysis

Discomfort in breathing except in the upright position

Orthopnea

Absence of breathing

Apnea

Body’s water treatment plan Filters the blood and collects and expels the resulting liquid waste products as urine Consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra Ultrasound, CT and some x-ray procedures like cystograms are best to image these areas

Urinary/renal system

Bean shaped highly vascular organs located at the small of the back (posterior) on either side of the vertebral column between T12 and L3 Right one is positioned a little lower due to the liver

Kidneys

Sit on top the kidneys and affect the renal system by influencing blood pressure and sodium and water retention by the kidneys

Adrenal glands

Normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood

Renal arteries

3 regions of kidneys

Renal Cortex Renal Medulla Renal Pyramids

Outer region of kidneys, contains blood filtering mechanisms

Renal Cortex

Middle region of kidneys, contains 8-12 renal pyramids

Renal medulla

Wedge-shaped region of kidneys

Renal pyramids

Each kidney has a this part that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

Ureters

Small duct that channels urine outside the body from the bladder

Urethra

Painful or difficult urination

Dysuria

Presence of blood in the urine

Hematuria

Excessive urination at night

Nocturia

Diminished urine output, less that 400ml in a day

Oliguria

Excessive urine production

Polyuria

Pus in the urine

Pyuria

System of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction Ultrasound or MRI is the best imaging for these anatomic regions

Reproductive/genital system

3 parts of the male reproductive system

Prostate Gland Seminal Vesicles Testicle

Main function is to produce fluid which protects and enriches sperm

Prostate gland

Each of a pair of glands that open into the vas deferens near its junction with the urethra and secrete many of the components of semen

Seminal vesicles

Either of the two oval organs that produce sperm, enclosed in the scrotum behind the penis

Testicle

5 parts of the female reproductive system (usually ultrasound or MRI is best for imaging this areas)

``` Ovaries Uterus Fallopian Tubes Cervix Vagina ```

Produce eggs and hormones

Ovaries

Home to the developing fetus

Uterus

Narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as tunnels for the ova to travel from the ovaries to the uterus Best seen by hysterosalpingogram (HSG)

Fallopian tubes

Narrow neck like passage forming the lower end of the uterus

Cervix

Muscular tube leading from the external genitals to the cervix of the uterus

Vagina

Network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body Brain and Vertebral Column MRI, angiography, myelography are the best to check these areas

Nervous System

Respond to stimuli and transmit responses by means of electromechanical messages

Neurons

Conduct nerve pulses away from the cell body

Axons

Conduct impulses toward the cell body

Dendrites

White, fatty, segmented covering for nerve protection

Myelin sheath

4 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital

Lobe of cerebral hemisphere that influences personality, judgement, reasoning, social behavior

Frontal

Lobe of cerebral hemisphere that controls hearing, language, comprehension, storage to recall memories

Temporal

Lobe of cerebral hemisphere that interprets sensations like pain, temperature and touch

Parietal

Lobe of cerebral hemisphere primarily to interpret visual stimuli

Occipital

Functions to maintain muscle tone, coordinate muscle movement, and control balance

Cerebellum

Downward displacement of cerebellum through the foramen magnum

Arnolds Chiari

Relays messages between parts of the nervous system Provides pathways for nerve fibers Serves as the origin of the cranial nerves

Brainstem

3 parts of the brainstem

Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata

Olfactory- loss of smell

CN I

Optic- blindness, usually due to a lesion

CN II

Oculomotor- drooping of the eyelid, deviation of the eyeball outward

CN III

Trochlear- rotation of the eye upward and outward

CN IV

Trigeminal- pain or loss of sensation in the face, forehead, temple, and eye, difficulty chewing

CN V

Abducens- deviation of the eye outward, double vision

CN VI

Facial- paralysis of all the muscles on one side of the face, inability to wrinkle forehead (Bell’s Palsy)

CN VII

Acoustic- deafness or ringing in the ears (tinnitus)

CN VIII

Glossopharyngeal- disturbance of taste and difficulty swallowing

CN IX

Vagus- paralysis of the main trunk of the throat on one side causes hoarseness and difficulty talking

CN X

Spinal accessory- motor, shoulder movement and head rotation

CN XI

Hypoglossal- motor, tongue movement

CN XII

Bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve roots, consisting of the second through fifth lumbar nerve pairs, the first through fifth sacral nerve pairs, and the coccygeal nerve, all of which arise from the lumbar enlargement and the conus medullaris of the spinal cord

Cauda equina (Latin for "horse's tail")

A tapering lower part of the spinal cord at the level of the first lumbar segment

Conus medullaris

Inner core of the vertebral disc composed of a jelly-like material that consists of mainly water, as well as a loose network of collagen fibers

Nucleus Pulposus

Tough circular exterior of the intervertebral disc that surrounds the soft inner core, the nucleus pulposus

Annulus Fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus bulging into annulus fibrosus

Bulging disk

Cover and protect the cerebral cortex and spinal column

Meninges

3 layers of meninges

Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater

Layer of meninges that lines the skill and forms folds that descend into the brain’s fissures and provide stability

Dura Mater

Layer of meninges that lies between the dura mater and pia mater

Arachnoid Mater

Innermost layer of the meninges | Rich blood supply

Pia Mater

3 layers of space to further cushion the brain an spinal cord

Epidural Space Subdural Space Subarachnoid Space

Space that lies over the dura mater

Epidural Space

Space situated between the dura mater and arachnoid mater

Subdural Space

Space filled with CSF, separates the arachnoid membrane and pia mater

Subarachnoid Space

Paralysis on one side of the body

Hemiplegia

Paralysis or muscular weakness affecting only one side of the body

Hemiparesis

Severe pain in a nerve or nerves

Neuralgia

Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infection

Meningitis

Unilateral facial paralysis of sudden onset, usually not permanent

Bells Palsy

Painful disorder affecting one or more branches of the 5th cranial nerve; tingling in side of face, headaches

Trigeminal Neuralgia

Early signs progress to severe deterioration in memory, language, and motor function

Alzheimer's Disease

Progressive demyelination of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord that results in weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, speech disturbance, and visual complaints

Multiple Sclerosis

4 main functions of muscular system (MRI best modality for these areas)

Support the body Permit movement Produce body heat ALSO an integral part of internal organs, such as the heart, lungs, uterus, and intestines

3 types of muscles

``` Skeletal = Voluntary Visceral = Involuntary Cardiac = Involuntary ```

Muscle ontrolled by will | Move body parts, maintain posture, and reflex movements

Skeletal = Voluntary

Muscle not controlled by will | Found in organs like the stomach and intestine (peristalsis)

Visceral = Involuntary

Movement of heart | Controlled by autonomic nervous system and neuromuscular tissue

Cardiac = Involuntary

Muscle pain or tenderness

Myalgia

Wasting of muscle

Complete or incomplete tear in the supporting ligaments surrounding a joint

Sprain

Injury to a muscle or tendinous attachment

Strain

Painful inflammation of one or more of the bursae

Bursitis

Controls complicated body activities by secreting chemical substances into the circulatory systems Main components are glands and hormones Ultrasound and MRI best imaging modalities

Endocrine

Specialized cell clusters or organs

Glands

Chemical substances secreted by the glands in response to stimulation

Hormones

7 major endocrine glands

``` Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Glands Adrenal Glands Pancreas Pineal Gland Thymus ```

Gland that is no larger than a pea and lies at the base of the brain in a depression of the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica Controls all the other glands Important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands

Pituitary gland

5 hormones the pituitary gland produces

``` GH: growth TSH: thyroid stimulating FSH: follicle stimulating (ovaries) LH: luteinizing Prolactin ```

Lies directly below the larynx and partially in front of the trachea A large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism

Thyroid gland

4 hormones thyroid gland produces

TSH T4 Thyroxine T3 Triiodothyronine Calcitonin

Gland that controls the calcium in our bodies = how much calcium is in our bones, and how much calcium is in our blood; calcium is the most important element in our bodies Four lie on the posterior surface of the thyroid Produces PTH: parathyroid

Parathyroid gland

Two, sit on top of the kidneys Endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol Found above the kidneys Produce: Epinephrine

Adrenal/suprarenal glands

Gland that plays an essential role in converting the food we eat into fuel for the body's cells Produces: Insulin

Pancreas

2 main functions of the pancreas

Exocrine function that helps in digestion | Endocrine function that regulates blood sugar

It is a neuroendocrine gland Produces: Melatonin Involved in the reproductive system and the body’s circadian (24 hour body clock) rhythms Gets smaller as you age, why adults don’t sleep as well as kids

Pineal gland

Located below the sternum A lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates that produces T cells for the immune system Becomes much smaller at the approach of puberty

Thymus

2 hormones the thymus produces

Thymosin | Thymopoietin

Enlarged thyroid gland, usually evident as swelling in the front of the neck

Goiter

Acute exacerbation of hyperthyroidism that is a medical emergency and may lead to cardiac failure

Thyroid storm

Low serum thyroid hormone, abnormally low activity of the thyroid gland

Hypothyroidism

High serum thyroid hormone, abnormally high activity of the thyroid gland

Hyperthyroidism

Associated with the pancreas, chronic insulin deficiency or resistance to insulin by the cells

Diabetes Mellitus

Abnormally low blood glucose level

Hypoglycemia

Disorder in which the adrenal glands don't produce enough hormones

Addison's Disease

Organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails) Ultrasound probably best modality for this system

Integumentary system

Redness of inflammation of the skin resulting from congestion of the superficial capillaries

Erythema

Fungal infection of the oral mucous membranes, usually in patients with a weakened immune system

Thrush

Superficial skin infections

Dermatitis

Chronic skin disease that causes dilated and inflamed surface blood vessels and reddening of the nose and adjoining tissues

Rosacea

Irregularly shaped patches of lighter or white skin caused by the loss of pigment-producing cells

Vitiligo

Network of organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, and lymph vessels that make and move lymph from tissues to the bloodstream Major part of the body's immune system CT best modality

Lymphatic system

A colorless fluid containing white blood cells, that bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream

Lymph

Liquid portion of blood

Plasma

Red Blood Cells

Erythrocytes

White Blood Cells

Leukocytes

Platelets

Thrombocytes

Lymph nodes in underarm and upper chest (most common to get metastases)

Axillary

Lymph nodes in neck

Cervical

Lymph nodes in groin area

Inguinal

Lymph nodes behind the knee

Popliteal

Lymph nodes in the flood of the mouth and lower jaw

Submandibular

Lymph nodes in the clavicle area

Subclavian

Lymph nodes above the clavicle area

Supraclavicular

Lymph nodes in the abdomen area

Mesteric

Lymph nodes in the upper leg area

Femoral

Distal lymph nodes in the medial epicondyle of the humerus

Supratrochlear

Lymph nodes in the chest area

Mediastinal

11 lymph nodes

``` Axillary Cervical Inguinal Popliteal Submandibular Subclavian Supraclavicular Mesenteric Femoral Supratrochlear Mediastinal ```

Abdominal organ involved in the production and removal of blood cells in most vertebrates and forming part of the immune system Largest structure of the lymphatic system Initiates an immune response, filters and removes bacteria and other foreign substances from the bloodstream, destroys worn-out blood cells and serves as a blood reservoir Left side

Spleen

Profuse nose bleed

Epistaxis

Uncontrolled bleeding

Hemorrhage

Severe itching

Pruritus

Hives

Uticaria

Defends the body against invasion by harmful organisms and chemical toxins Made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body One of the important cells involved are white blood cells, also called leukocytes, which come in two basic types that combine to seek out and destroy disease-causing organisms or substances

Immune system

8 organs involved in the immune system

``` Tonsils and Adenoids Thymus Lymph Nodes Appendix Bone Marrow Lymphatic Vessels Spleen Peyer’s Patches ```

The numerous areas of lymphoid tissue in the wall of the small intestine that are involved in the development of immunity to antigens present there

Peyer's Patches