Systems of the Body Flashcards
12 systems of the human body
Skeletal- example = bones
Cardiovascular organs- example = heart
Digestive- example = alimentary canal, like stomach and intestines
Respiratory- example = lungs
Urinary- example = organs that collect urine, like kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Reproductive- example = genital, like testes for males and uterine tubes, uterus and vagina for females
Nervous- example = brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Muscular- example = the three muscle types: skeletal, visceral, and cardiac
Endocrine- example = all ductless glands, like the testes, ovaries, pancreas, adrenals, thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, pineal, and pituitary
Integumentary- example = composed of skin and areas like hair, nails, and sweat/oil glands, also regulates body temperature
Lymphatic System = example Lymph Nodes
Immune System- example = areas that fight disease, like WBC
How many bones does the human skeleton contain? Axial? Appendicular?
206
80
126
5 part of the axial skeleton
Skull Hyoid Auditory Vertebral column Thorax
2 parts of the skull bones
Cranium (8) Facial bones (14)
8 cranium bones
Parietal (2) Temporal (2) Occipital Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid
14 facial bones
Nasal (2) Lacrimal (2) Inferior Nasal Concha (2) Maxilla (2) Mandible Palatine (2) Zygomatic (2) Vomer
3 auditory bones
Stapes
Incus
Malleus
5 parts of the vertebral column
Cervical-7 Thoracic-12 Lumbar-5 Sacrum-1 (fused 5) Coccyx-1 (fused 4)
2 parts of the thorax
Sternum-1
Ribs-24 (12 each side)
Cartilage that connects the sternum and the ends of the ribs
Costal cartilage
Ribs 1-7 because they attach directly to the sternum
True ribs
Ribs 8-10 because they DO NOT attach directly to the sternum
False ribs
Ribs 11-12 because they attach only to vertebrae
Floating ribs
Spaces between the ribs
Intercostal spaces
2 parts of the shoulder girdle
Clavicles 2
Scapula 2
6 parts of the upper limbs
Humerus 2 Ulna 2 Radius 2 Carpals 16 Metacarpals 10 Phalanges 28
7 parts of the lower limbs
Femur 2 Tibias 2 Fibula 2 Patella 2 Tarsals 14 Metatarsals 10 Phalanges 28
4 parts of the appendicular skeleton
Shoulder girdles
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs
3 parts the hip consists of
Ischium
Ilium
Pubis
4 classifications of bones
Long (humerus of arm)
Short (carpal of wrist)
Flat (sternum)
Irregular (vertebra)
3 functional types of joints
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
Immovable Joints
Example would be the cranial sutures
Synarthrosis
Limited Movement
Example would be roots of teeth
Amphiarthrosis
Freely Moveable Joint
Example would be knee joint, shoulder joint
Diarthrosis
6 types of movement
Gliding/Plane Hinge Pivot Ellipsoid/Condyloid Saddle Ball and Socket
Sliding or gliding motion
Example: intercarpal joints of the wrist
Gliding/Plane
Permit flexion and extension
Example: elbow, knee, ankle
Hinge
Allows rotational movement around a single axis
Example: atlas and axis = atlas rotates around the dens of the axis and allows the head to rotate to either side
Pivot
Permit flexion and extension AND abduction and adduction
Example: radiocarpal joint of the wrist
Ellipsoid/Condyloid
Like the ellipsoid joint, except the two saddlelike structures fit into each other
Example: first carpometacarpal joint
Saddle
Allows the greatest freedom of motion, adds lateral and medial rotation to the ellipsoid
Example is hip joint or shoulder joint
Ball-and-socket
Moving away from the midline
Abduction
Moving toward the midline
Adduction
Circular movement of a limb
Circumduction
Straightening or increasing the joint angle
Extension
Bending or decreasing the joint angle
Flexion
Outward stress movement
Eversion
Inward stress movement
Inversion
Turning downward
Pronation
Turning upward
Supination
Forward movement; gliding motion anteriorly
Protraction
Backward movement
Moves structure back to anatomic position or even further posteriorly
Ex: scapulae and mandibles
Retraction
Lifting, raising, or movement of a part superiorly
Elevation
Letting down, lowering, or moving a part inferiorly
Depression
Flexion or bending the foot toward the leg
Dorsiflexion
Flexion or bending the foot downward toward the sole
Plantar flexion
Turning away from the regular standard or course
Deviation
Flexing toward radius
Radial deviation
Flexing toward ulna
Ulnar deviation
Turning toward midline
Internal rotation
Turning away from midline
External rotation
Hunchback
Kyphosis
Swayback
Lordosis
Curve to the right; forming a backward “C” shape
Dextroscoliosis
Curve to the left; forming a “C” shape
Levoscoliosis
The heart is a muscular pumping organ located medial to the lungs along the body’s midline in the thoracic region. The bottom tip of the heart, known as its apex, is turned to the left. The top of the heart, known as the heart’s base, connects to the great blood vessels of the body: the aorta, vena cava, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary veins.
Cardiovascular system
Right and left ventricles separated by this
Interventricular septum
13 steps in the path of blood
IVC to the SVC of the
RT ATRIUM of the heart, through the
TRICUSPID OR RIGHT ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) into the
RT VENTRICLE of the heart. From here it flows through the
PULMONARY VALVE into the
PULMONARY ARTERY, which takes the blood to the
LUNG to pick up oxygen. Blood returns by way of the
PULMONARY VEIN into the
LT ATRIUM of the heart, through the
MITRAL VALVE OR LEFT ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) and into the
LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart, which sends oxygenated blood through the
AORTIC VALVE into the
AORTA which carries the blood to the body & flows to the brachiocephalic, carotid and subclavian arteries
Which side of the heart handles venous/deoxygenated blood? Arterial/oxygenated blood?
Right
Left
Muscular wall of the heart
Myocardium
Inner lining of the heart
Endocardium
Thin membrane that covers the heart
Epicardium
Double-walled outermost covering/sac of the heart
Pericardium
Carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
Smaller branch of artery
Arteriole
Vessel for returning blood to heart
Vein
Smaller branch of vein
Venule
Smallest vessel, connects arterioles and venules, supplies oxygen and removes waste
Capillary
Largest artery in the body
Approximately 2.5 cm
If over 5 cm, surgery candidate for aneurysm
Aorta
Largest veins in the body
Superior and inferior vena cava
2 circulation circuits
Systemic
Pulmonary
Carries oxygenated blood to organs and tissue
Systemic
Takes blood to lungs to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen
Pulmonary
A condition in which cramping pain in the leg is induced by exercise, typically caused by obstruction of the arteries
Claudication
The blockage or closing of a blood vessel or hollow organ
Occlusion
Weakened area of an artery that is “ballooned”
If blood flows on the weakened wall it can burst
Aneurysm
Lack of normal heart rhythm
Arrythmia
Slow heartbeat, less than 60 beats per minute
Bradycardia
Rapid heartbeat, greater than 100 beats per minute
Tachycardia
Arteries that serve the heart are obstructed or narrowed, most commonly from atherosclerosis
Coronary Artery Disease
Deposits of plaque inside the arteries
Atherosclerosis
Caused by high blood pressure that forces the layers of the aortic walls to separate
Aortic dissection
Thickening of valvular tissue that results in narrow valve openings
Stenosis
Procedure in which small, selected areas of the heart are destroyed to treat tachycardia
Ablation
Group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body
Food passes through a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)
Any modality can image these areas, fluoroscopic procedures too
Digestive system
8 parts in the path of food
Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Liver and Gallbladder Pancreas Large Intestine
Funnel-shaped tube connected to the posterior end of the mouth
Responsible for the passing of masses of chewed food from the mouth to the esophagus
Also plays important role in respiratory system as air from the nasal canal passes through this on its way to the larynx and eventually the lungs
Because it serves two different functions, contains flap of tissue known as the epiglottis that acts as a switch to route food to the esophagus and air to the larynx
Pharynx
6 primary processes of the digestive system
Ingestion of food Secretion of fluids and digestive system Mixing and movement of food and wastes through the body Digestion of food into smaller pieces Absorption of nutrients Excretion of wastes
Muscular tube connecting pharynx to stomach that’s part of upper GI tract
Carries swallowed masses of chewed food along its length
Esophagus
Muscular ring at inferior end of esophagus that closes off end of esophagus and traps food in stomach
Lower esophageal sphincter/cardiac sphincter
Muscular sac located on left side of abdominal cavity just inferior to diaphragm
In average person, size of their two fists placed next to each other
Acts as storage tank for food so body has enough time to digest large meals properly
Also contains hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes that continue the digestion of food that began in mouth
Stomach
Long, thin tube about 1 in in diameter and about 10 ft long that’s part of lower GI tract
Located just inferior to stomach and takes up most of space in abdominal cavity
Entire thing is coiled like a hose and inside surface full of many ridges and folds used to maximize digestion of food and absorption of nutrients
By time food leaves this, around 90% of all nutrients have been extracted from food that entered it
Small intestine
Roughly triangular accessory organ located to right of stomach just inferior to diaphragm and superior to small intestine
Weighs about 3 lb and is second largest organ in body
Main function in digestion is production of bile and secretion into small intestine
Liver
Small, pear-shaped organ located just posterior to liver
Used to store and recycle excess bile from small intestine so it can be reused for digestion of subsequent meals
Gallbladder
Large gland located just inferior and posterior to stomach
About 6 in long and shaped like short, lumpy snake with its “head” connected to the duodenum and its “tail” pointing to the left wall of the abdominal cavity
Secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine to complete chemical digestion of food
Pancreas
Long, thick tube about 2 ½ in in diameter and about 5 ft long
Located just inferior to stomach and wraps around superior and lateral border of small intestine
Absorbs water and contains many symbiotic bacteria that aid in breaking down of wastes to extract some small amounts of nutrients
Large intestine
4 main parts of large intestine
Cecum: first part of the large intestine
Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid)
Rectum
Anal canal: terminates at the anus, feces exit here
Consists of the upper and lower respiratory tracts
X-ray and CT best to image these areas
Respiratory system
6 parts of the upper respiratory tract
Nose Mouth Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx
Air enters respiratory tract, hairs filter out dust
Nose
Air enters respiratory tract
Mouth
Extend from the posterior nostril to the soft palate
Nasopharynx
