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RAD 212 - Special Procedures > Special Procedures > Flashcards

Special Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

Medical imaging used to help evaluate and diagnose joint conditions and unexplained pain
Very effective at detecting disease within the ligaments, tendons and cartilage
Contrast material is injected into the joint
Fluoroscopy is used first
Contrast injected into joint
Followed by CT or MRI (MRI more common unless they can’t have one)

A

Arthrogram

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2
Q

6 joints arthrogram is most often used to identify abnormalities within

A 
Shoulder 
Elbow
Wrist 
Hip 
Knee 
Ankle
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3
Q

2 reasons for doing arthrogram

A

Arthrographic images help physicians evaluate alterations in structure and function of a joint and help to determine the possible need for treatment, including arthroscopy, open surgery or joint replacement
The procedure is also used to help diagnose persistent, unexplained joint pain or discomfort, or recurrent dislocations; in some cases, local anesthetic medications or steroids may be injected into the joint along with the contrast material, these medications may temporarily decrease joint-related pain or inflammation and provide physicians additional information about possible sources of joint pain

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4
Q

4 risks of arthrograms

A

Any procedure where the skin is penetrated carries a risk of infection; the chance of infection requiring antibiotic treatment appears to be less than one in 1,000
There is always the possibility of injuring a vessel or a nerve adjacent to the joint
Possible contrast reaction
Not recommended for people who have joint infections or woman who are pregnant

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5
Q

4 rotator cuff muscles

A

Supraspinatous muscle
Subscapularis muscle
Infraspinatous muscle
Teres minor muscle

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6
Q

Ring of fibrocartilage around the edge of the articular joint

A

Labrum

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7
Q

Superior Labrum tear from anterior to posterior; occurs where the biceps tendon anchors to the labrum

A

SLAP tear

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8
Q

Injury of the anterior (inferior) glenoid labrum of the shoulder due to anterior shoulder; occurs in lower part of lebrum

A

Bankart tear

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9
Q

What is the most common hip tear?

A

Labrum

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10
Q

What is the most common wrist tear?

A

Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC)

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11
Q

Syndrome usually located posteriorly or posterolateral following an ankle sprain, area of inflammation

A

Posterior impingement syndrome

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12
Q

Important test of female fertility potential
Radiology procedure usually done in the radiology department of a hospital or outpatient radiology facility
Radiographic contrast is injected into the uterine cavity through the vagina and cervix
The uterine cavity fills with dye and if the fallopian tubes are open, dye fills the tubes and spills into the abdominal cavity
This shows whether the fallopian tubes are open or blocked

A

Hysterosalpingogram (HSG)

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13
Q

4 reasons to do an HSG

A

Infertility (In Vitro Fertilization first steps)
The uterus is evaluated for the presence of fibroids, scar tissue, polyps, or congenital uterine anomalies
The fallopian tubes are also examined for defects within them, for suggestion of partial blockage, and for evidence of pelvic scar tissue in the abdominal cavity near the tube
Confirm Tubal Ligation

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14
Q

Egg production stimulated by hormone therapy
Egg retrieved from ovary
Sperm retrieved
Egg & sperm combined to allow fertilization via intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) = where sperm is injected into egg
Embryos are grown out to day five then transferred into the uterus

A

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

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15
Q

When is an HSG performed?

A

Best performed one week after menstruation but before ovulation to make certain that you are not pregnant during the exam = 7-10 days from the first day of their last period

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16
Q

What is the patient position for an HSG?

A

AP lithotomy

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17
Q

Diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedure performed by a doctor inserting a hollow needle into the subarachnoid space in the lumbar area of the spinal column

A 
Lumbar puncture (LP)
Spinal tap
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18
Q

Canal in the spinal column that carries cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the brain and the spinal cord

A

Subarachnoid space

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19
Q

How many cervical nerve pairs are there?

A

8, nerve above C1

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20
Q

Ligaments of the spine that connect the lamina of adjacent vertebrae, all the way from the second vertebra, axis, to the first segment of the sacrum

A

Ligamentum Flavum

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21
Q

3 reasons lumbar punctures are performed

A

Most common reason is to remove a small amount of CSF for examination and diagnosis of various disorders
CSF is tested for red and white blood cells, protein, glucose (sugar), clarity, color, and the presence of bacteria, viruses, or abnormal cells
Excess CSF may also be removed in patients who have an overproduction or decreased absorption of the fluid

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22
Q

8 things lumbar punctures are helpful in diagnosing

A 
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Certain cancers involving the brain and spinal cord 
Bleeding in the subarachnoid space 
Myelitis
Neurosyphilis
Demyelinating diseases
Headaches of unknown cause (after appropriate evaluation by a doctor and appropriate head imaging if necessary, certain inflammatory conditions that can result in a headache may be diagnosed by lumbar puncture and CSF analysis)
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23
Q

Inflammation of the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord usually the result of a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection, or the result of exposure to toxins or abnormal cells

A

Meningitis

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24
Q

Inflammation of the brain that is usually caused by a virus; may have to fracture skull so brain isn’t in too tight

A

Encephalitis

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25
Q

Inflammation of the spinal cord or bone marrow

A

Myelitis

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26
Q

Stage of syphilis during which the bacteria invades the central nervous system

A

Neurosyphilis

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27
Q

Diseases that attack the protective coating that surrounds certain nerve fibers (Multiple Sclerosis)

A

Demyelinating diseases

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28
Q

How long should a person not eat or drink before a lumbar puncture?

A

Do not eat or drink anything three hours prior to a lumbar puncture

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29
Q

Why will the patient lie flat for about one hour after the lumbar puncture?

A

This helps reduce the incidence of a headache, since there has been a disruption of CSF

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30
Q

What are spinal headaches caused by?

A

Spinal headaches are caused by leakage of spinal fluid through a puncture hole in the tough membrane (dura mater) that surrounds the spinal cord; this leakage decreases the pressure exerted by the spinal fluid on the brain and spinal cord, which leads to a headache

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31
Q

Some of your own blood is injected into your back; the aim is that the blood seals the hole in the dura and stops the leak of fluid
Great care is taken to clean your arm and take blood in a fully sterile manner (his reduces the risk of infection)
Blood is carefully injected into your back using an epidural needle, near to the hole in the dura
The blood will clot and tend to seal the hole that has been made in the dura
As the fluid leak is stopped, the pressure around the brain will increase and the headache should improve

A

Blood patch for headache after an LP

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32
Q

An invasive procedure requiring the introduction of contrast into the spinal subarachnoid space to outline the spinal cord and nerve roots
Using Fluoroscopic Procedure followed by CT
Performed when accurate diagnosis or anatomic abnormalities or pathological processes of the spinal cord and spinal canal are required.
Can be done on the C, T, of L Spine
Most Radiologists will want MRI of that area prior

A

Myelogram

33
Q

Inner jelly like substance tears through annulus fibrosis and usually requires surgery

A

Herniated disc

34
Q

7 reasons a myelogram is needed

A

Herniated disc
Spinal cord Tumors
Infection and/or inflammation of tissues around the spinal cord and brain
Spinal stenosis
Bone spur
Degenerative disc disease
Tearing away or injury of spinal nerve roots

35
Q

Fluoroscopic procedure to evaluate the salivary glands

A

Sialography

36
Q

3 pairs of major salivary glands located on each side of the face

A

Parotid glands/Stensons Duct
Submandibular glands/Whartons Duct
Sublingual glands/Ducts of Rivinus

37
Q

Largest salivary glands located inside each cheek above the jaw in front of the ears

A

Parotid glands/Stensons Duct

38
Q

Salivary glands located below the jawbone on both sides of the jaw

A

Submandibular glands/Whartons Duct

39
Q

Smallest salivary glands on the bottom of the mouth under the tongue

A

Sublingual glands/Ducts of Rivinus

40
Q

Glands release saliva into the mouth through salivary ducts

Free flow of saliva to the mouth is important for digestion and general oral health

A

Salivary glands

41
Q

10 reasons to do a sialogram

A

May be done when your provider thinks you might have a disorder of the salivary ducts or glands
Evaluate for narrowing of the salivary ducts
Evaluate for salivary gland infection or inflammation
Evaluate for salivary duct stones
An inability to fully open your mouth
Discomfort or pain when opening your mouth
Dry mouth
Mouth or face pain
Swelling over your jaw in front of your ears
Swelling of your face or neck

42
Q

4 x-ray views taken during a sialogram

A

AP or PA
Lateral
SMV
Oblique (rotate head with affected side down about 30 degrees)

43
Q

Stones within a salivary gland

A

Sialolithiasis

44
Q

Specialized technique used to study the bile ducts, pancreatic duct and gallbladder

A

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

45
Q

Inflammation of the pancreas

A

Pancreatitis

46
Q

Involves placement of a catheter in the aorta and injection of contrast material while taking x-rays of the aorta
Done to detect blood flow problems within the aorta
Getting replaced by CTA and MRA

A

Aortography/aortic angiography

47
Q

7 reasons aortograms are done

A

Aneurysm
Aortic dissection
Aortic regurgitation or aortic stenosis
Congenital heart defects (such as double aortic arch)
Inflammation of the aorta
Injury to the aorta from trauma or other problems
Recurring chest pain

48
Q

Bleeding occurs in the walls of the aorta, peels the layers

A

Aortic dissection

49
Q

Blood returns back to the ventricle of the heart

A

Aortic regurgitation or aortic stenosis

50
Q

This artery supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, stomach, abdominal esophagus, spleen and the superior half of both the duodenum and the pancreas

A

Celiac artery

51
Q

Artery that arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, and supplies the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum through two-thirds of the transverse colon, as well as the pancreas

A

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA)

52
Q

Artery that is the third main branch of the abdominal aorta and arises at the level of L3, supplying the large intestine from the left colic (or splenic) flexure to the upper part of the rectum, which includes the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and part of the rectum

A

Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA)

53
Q

Arteries that normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood

A

Renal arteries

54
Q

The abdominal aorta divides to form these arteries in the lower abdomen, and these vessels supply blood to the pelvic organs, gluteal region, and legs; each one descends a short distance and divides into an internal and an external branch

A

Common iliac arteries

55
Q

Examination by X-ray of blood or lymph vessels, carried out after introduction of a radiopaque substance
A thin tube, catheter, is placed into a blood vessel in the groin
The catheter is guided to the area to by studied then contrast is injected into the vessel to make the area show clearly on the fluoroscopic images

A

Angiography

56
Q

6 types of angiography

A 
Splenic
Mesenteric
Iliac
Cerebral (brain)
Coronary (heart)
Carotid
57
Q

2 things an agiogram can find

A

Aneurysm

Narrowing or blockage in a blood vessel that affects blood flow

58
Q

5 reasons an angiogram is done

A

Detect problems with blood vessels that affect blood flow
Look for changes in the blood vessels of injured or damaged organs
Show the pattern of blood flow to a tumor
Look for source of bleeding
Check for atherosclerosis

59
Q

Procedure to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels that supply blood to your legs (fatty deposits can build up inside the arteries and block blood flow)

A

Angioplasty

60
Q

Small, metal mesh tube that keeps the artery open

A

Stent

61
Q

2 ways to open blocked peripheral arteries

A

Angioplasty

Stent placement

62
Q

Arteries that supply the pons

A

Pontine arteries

63
Q

Local coagulation or clotting of the blood in a part of the circulatory system; stationary blood clot in vessel

A

Thrombosis

64
Q

A blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object that has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel and cause an embolism, travels

A

Embolus

65
Q

Serious condition that occurs when a blood clot forms in a vein located deep inside your body
Blood clot is a clump of blood that is in a gelatinous, solid state
Form in the thigh or lower leg, but they can also develop in other areas of the body

A

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

66
Q

9 risks for DVT

A

Most common in people who are over 50 years in age
Having an injury that damages your veins
Being overweight, which puts more pressure on the veins in your legs and pelvis
Having a family history of DVT
Having a catheter placed in a vein for a long time
Taking birth control pills or undergoing hormone therapy
Smoking (especially heavy usage)
Staying seated for a long time while you’re in a car or on a plane, especially if you already have at least one other risk factor
After having surgery

67
Q

5 symptoms of DVT

A

Swelling in the foot, ankle, or leg, usually on one side
Cramping pain in the affected leg that usually begins in the calf
Severe, unexplained pain in the foot and ankle
An area of skin that feels warmer than the skin on the surrounding areas
Skin over the affected area turning pale or a reddish or bluish color

68
Q

What is the modality of choice to detect a DVT?

A

Ultrasound

69
Q

3 treatments for DVT

A

Medication
Compression stockings
Filters

70
Q

Major complication of DVT where a blood clot moves to the lungs and blocks a blood vessel, can cause serious damage to the lungs and other parts of the body

A

Pulmonary embolism

71
Q

6 signs of a pulmonary embolism

A 
Dizziness
Sweating
Chest pain that gets worse with coughing or inhaling deeply
Rapid breathing
Coughing up blood
Rapid heart rate
72
Q

Filtering device is placed within the inferior vena cava (IVC)
Blood clots in the veins of the legs and pelvis can occasionally travel to the lungs where they may cause a pulmonary embolism or blockage
Can help reduce the risk of pulmonary embolism by trapping large clots and preventing them from reaching the heart and lungs; have a high rate of success in patients who don’t respond to or cannot be given conventional medical therapy

A

Vena Cava Filter

73
Q

Large vein in the abdomen that returns blood from the lower body to the heart

A

Inferior vena cava (IVC)

74
Q

Involves therapeutic introduction of various substances to occlude or drastically reduce blood flow within the vessel

A

Embolization

75
Q

3 main purposes of embolization

A

Stop active bleeding sites
Control blood flow to diseased or malformed vessels
Stop or reduce blood flow to a particular area before surgery

76
Q

Minimally invasive procedure used to treat fibroid tumors of the uterus which can cause heavy menstrual bleeding, pain, and pressure on the bladder or bowel
Uses fluoroscopy to guide the delivery of embolic agents to the uterus and fibroids
These agents block the arteries that provide blood to the fibroids and cause them to shrink
Studies have shown that nearly 90 percent of women who undergo this experience significant or complete resolution of their fibroid-related symptoms
The procedure involves inserting a catheter through the groin, maneuvering it through the uterine artery, and injecting the embolic agent into the arteries that supply blood to the uterus and fibroids
As the fibroids die and begin to shrink, the uterus fully recovers

A

Uterine fibroid embolization (UFE)

77
Q

X-ray examination that uses an injection of contrast material to show how blood flows through your veins
Doctor may use it to find blood clots, identify a vein for use in a bypass procedure or dialysis access, or to assess varicose veins before surgery
Involves injecting x-ray contrast material into a vein to shows how blood flows through your veins; allows a physician to determine the condition of the veins

A

Venography

78
Q

6 things venography is commonly used for

A

Assess the status of a vein or system of veins
Find blood clots within the veins
Assess varicose veins before surgery
Find a vein in good condition to use for a bypass procedure or dialysis access
Help a physician place an IV or a medical device, such as a stent, in a vein
Guide treatment of diseased veins

RAD 212 - Special Procedures (6 decks)

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