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RAD 212 - Special Procedures > Ch 6-8 > Flashcards

Ch 6-8 Flashcards

1
Q

Transparent to x-rays = black
Increased radiographic density
Air, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide

A

Negative contrast agents

Radiolucent

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2
Q

White on x-rays
Decreased radiographic density
Example: Barium

A

Positive contrast agents

Radiopaque

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3
Q

Double contrast

A

Negative and positive agents

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4
Q

2 major classes of contrast agents

A

Nonionic (low osmolality)

Ionic (high osmolality)

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5
Q

3 categories of intravascular contrast

A

High Osmolality Ionic
Low Osmolality Ionic
Low Osmolality Non-Ionic

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6
Q

MOST damaging intravascular contrast media
Inexpensive
Contains a high amount of iodine

A

High Osmolality Ionic

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7
Q

Intravascular contrast media that has a high iodine content and cost more than high osmolality ionic
Doesn’t require as much ROCM to visualize structures as the high osmolality ROCM

A

Low Osmolality Ionic

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8
Q

Most commonly used, safest, less risky, expensive intravascular contrast media
Still contains a little iodine
Less reactions to contrast

A

Low Osmolality Non-Ionic

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9
Q

4 nonionic low osmolality intravascular contrast medias

A

Visipaque
Omnipaque
Optiray
Ultravist

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10
Q

4 administrations of contrast agents

A

Ingestion
Retrograde (like during a BE)
Intrathecal
Parenteral

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11
Q

Swallowing, like for a UGI or Esophogram/Barium Swallow

A

Ingestion

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12
Q

Administered into the spine, like a myelogram

A

Intrathecal

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13
Q

Administered or occurring elsewhere in the body than the mouth/digestive system, like IV

A

Parenteral

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14
Q

ROCM is excreted primarily by this

A

Kidneys

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15
Q

Normal range for BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)

A

7 to 20 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter)

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16
Q

Normal range for creatinine

A

0.7 to 1.3 mg/dL

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17
Q

Normal range for GFR (Glomerular filtration rate)

A

90 to 120 mL/min

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18
Q

Approximately 70% of reactions occur within this much time

A

5 minutes of the injection

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19
Q

3 normal side effects of contrast

A

Metallic taste
Sensation to urinate
Warm feeling

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20
Q

Vein inflammation
Trauma to the vein, for instance from an IV catheter, maybe having trouble getting the vein, “fishing around” for the vein
Symptoms include redness, warmth, and pain in the affected area
Treatments may include a warm compress or anti-inflammatory medication

A

Phlebitis

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21
Q

Escape of fluid leaks into the tissue

A

Extravasation

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22
Q

Contrast agents used in MRI only

Examples: Ominscan, Magnevist & Prohance

A

Paramagnetic Contrast Agents

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23
Q

Most common paramagnetic contrast agent

A

Gadolinium

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24
Q

Confidentiality act
Patient must authorize communication between family member and physician if the patient is over 18 years old
Privacy of Records

A

HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)

25
Q

Legal condition which implies the disclosure of the risks involved with the procedure, understanding by the patient, the authorization or voluntary permission to perform the procedure and the competence of the patient to negotiate the document
Must be obtained from the patient PRIOR to the procedure

A

Informed consent

26
Q

2 main categories of risks of angiography

A

Catheterization (omplications are bleeding, clot formation, pseudoaneurysm, arterial dissection, and rupture of an aneurysm; compromised cardiac, renal, and neurologic blood flow resulting in organ damage or death
Contrast related Risk (continuous monitoring of the patient’s vital signs)

27
Q

The complete destruction or elimination of all living organisms and spores from equipment used to perform patient care and/or procedures

A

Sterilization/surgical asepsis

28
Q

The process of killing only those microorganisms that are pathogenic

A

Disinfecting

29
Q

To reduce the transmission of pathogenic organisms from patient to another person, cleanliness

A

Medical asepsis

30
Q

To prevent introduction of any organism into an open wound on the patient or into a body cavity, sterility

A

Surgical asepsis

31
Q

4 factors involved in spread of disease

A

Infectious organism-microorganisms
Reservoir of infection
Host
Means of transportation

32
Q

Infection acquired due to hospitalization

A

Nosocomial

33
Q

3 categories of medical devices based on Spaulding classifications

A

Critical
Semicritical
Noncritical

34
Q

A device that enters normally sterile tissue or the vascular system or through which blood flows should be sterile
Such devices should be sterilized, which is defined as the destruction of all microbial life

A

Critical

35
Q

A device that comes into contact with intact mucous membranes and does not ordinarily penetrate sterile tissue
These devices should receive at least high-level disinfection, which is defined as the destruction of all vegetative microorganisms, mycobacterium, small or nonlipid viruses, medium or lipid viruses, fungal spores, and some bacterial spores.

A

Semicritical

36
Q

Devices that do not ordinarily touch the patient or touch only intact skin
These devices should be cleaned by low-level disinfection.

A

Noncritical

37
Q

A strong, heated container used for chemical reactions and other processes using high pressures and temperatures; e.g., steam sterilization.

A

Autoclave

38
Q

A method of percutaneous insertion of a catheter into a blood vessel or space
A needle is used to puncture the structure and a guide wire is threaded through the needle; when the needle is withdrawn, a catheter is threaded over the wire; the wire is then withdrawn, leaving the catheter in place
A term for any guidewire procedure, which allows safe access to blood vessels and hollow organs

A

Seldinger Technique

39
Q

A wrongful act or an infringement of a right (other than under contract) leading to civil legal liability

A

Tort

40
Q

The conscious or willful disregard of the rights and safety of another

A

Intentional misconduct

41
Q

Restraint of a person in a bounded area without justification or consent

A

False imprisonment

42
Q

Written defamatory statement

A

Libel

43
Q

Spoken or oral defamatory statement

A

Slander

44
Q

Damaging the good reputation of someone

A

Defamation

45
Q

Threat of touching in an injurious way
The person doesn’t necessarily need to be touched for assault to occur
If the patient feels threatened and is made to believe that he or she will be touched in a harmful manner, justification may exist for charges

A

Assault

46
Q

Unlawful touching of a person without consent

A

Battery

47
Q

A type of unintended accident that leads to injury, property damage or financial loss
In the event of an unintentional tort, the person who caused the accident did so inadvertently and typically because he or she was not being careful

A

Unintentional misconduct

48
Q

Failure to take proper care in doing something

A

Negligence

49
Q

A negligent act that involves reckless disregard for life or limb-higher degree of negligence, more serious penalties

A

Gross Negligence

50
Q

Act of negligence in which the behavior or the injured party contributed to the injury

A

Contributory Negligence

51
Q

Applies when the hospital as an entity is negligent

A

Corporate Negligence

52
Q

Improper, illegal, or negligent professional activity or treatment, especially by a medical practitioner, lawyer, or public official

A

Malpractice

53
Q

The thing speaks for itself
Doctrine applied when negligence and loss are so apparent that they would be obvious to anyone
Example: if an instrument is left in the patient’s body, the fact of the instruments presence establishes the negligence of the surgeon

A

Doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur

54
Q

Let the master respond

The Employer is liable for the employee’s negligent acts that occur in the course of their work

A

Doctrine of Respondeat Superior

55
Q

Liability by one person or agency for the actions of another

A

Vicarious Liability

56
Q

A physician may be liable for wrongful act committed by hospital employees under the physician’s order
Actions of radiographers may result in lawsuits against their employers or against the physicians with whom they work

A

Doctrine of Borrowed Servant

57
Q

Reasonable anticipation that harm or injury is likely to result from an act or an omission to act

A

Doctrine of Foreseeability

58
Q

A duty imposed on a doctor to explain the risks of recommended procedures to a patient before a patient determines whether or not he or she should go forward with the procedure
Verbal and written
Will have an authorization form for the patient to sign

A

Doctrine of Informed Consent

59
Q

Normal adult rectal temperature

A

99.2 degrees

RAD 212 - Special Procedures (6 decks)

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