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RAD 212 - Special Procedures > Ch 5 - Pharmacology > Flashcards

Ch 5 - Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Requires candidate for the advanced level exam to have some understanding regarding the types some understanding regarding the types & administration routes, indications, contraindications and complications of various drugs

A

ARRT

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2
Q

“Keyholes” for specific drugs
Specialized location on a cell membrane or inside a cell
Specific biological sites located on a cell surface or within a cell

A

Receptor

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3
Q

3 drugs that have a specific affinity or attraction for their specific receptors

A

Agonist
Antagonist
Mixed agonist/antagonist

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4
Q

Drug or natural substance that combines with receptors and initiates a series of biochemical and physiological changes
Stimulates or enhances the body’s natural response to stimulation
Ex: given epinephrine for someone with asthma like symptoms, this is a bronchodilator, no new function was developed only enhanced to make the person able to breath properly again

A

Agonist

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5
Q

Drug’s ability able to produce a response

A

Intrinsic activity

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6
Q

Blocks/doesn’t stimulate receptors

Inhibit or counteract effects produced by other drugs or undesired effects

A

Antagonist

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7
Q 
Used at times to counteract the action of the agonist
Each class of drugs is competing for the receptor sites
Overall result will depend upon which class binds to the most receptor sites
A

Competitive antagonism

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8
Q

3 different names of drugs

A 
Chemical name (N- (4-hydroxphenyl))
Generic name (Acetaminophen)
Trade/brand/proprietary name (Tylenol)
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9
Q

Study of drugs in living
Medications can be very helpful but can also cause serious harm to patients
The technologist should understand thoroughly any medication before giving it to a patient

A

Pharmacology

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10
Q

Drugs

A

Pharmaco

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11
Q

What happens when two things meet and interact

A

Dynamics

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12
Q

Study of how the effects of a drug are manifested

A

Pharmacodynamics

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13
Q

Treatment or therapy

A

Therapeutics

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14
Q

Use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

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15
Q

Mechanisms of bodily absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug; movement of drug throughout the body

A

Pharmacokinetics

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16
Q

2 administration routes

A

Local medication

Systemic medication

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17
Q

Medication usually administered at a specific site and are injected into the tissues only in that particular area

A

Local medication

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18
Q

Medications that produce a wide variety of effects to the patients and usually used before the procedure begins, at times during the procedure and often in emergent situations to alleviate a problem

A

Systemic medication

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19
Q

Application of drug directly onto the skin or mucous membrane
Drug is diffuse through the skin or membrane and absorbed into the bloodstream

A

Local-topical route

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20
Q

6 topical routes

A 
Astringent
Antiseptic or bacteriostatic
Emollient
Cleansing
Anesthetic
Antihistamine
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21
Q

Topical route that counteracts inflammatory effects, decrease secretions

A

Astringent

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22
Q

Topical route that inhibits growth of development of microorganisms

A

Antiseptic or bacteriostatic

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23
Q

Topical route that soothes and has a softening effect, overcomes dryness

A

Emollient

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24
Q

Topical route that removes dirt and secretion

A

Cleansing

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25
Q

Topical route that removes the sensation of pain

A

Anesthetic

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26
Q

Topical route that calms the manifestations caused by allergic reactions

A

Antihistamine

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27
Q

Most common method of drug administration

Safest, most economical and most convenient way of giving medication

A

Systemic-oral route

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28
Q

Administration is performed by placing the drug under the tongue for dissolution and absorption

A

Sublingual route

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29
Q

Tablet is held in the mouth in the pocket between the gums and cheek for local dissolution and absorption
Lorazepam (Ativan) can be used in this form

A

Buccal route

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30
Q

Safe method of giving drugs when the oral method is unsuitable, as when the patient is a small child or unconscious

A

Rectal route

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31
Q

To be administered by injection

Anything not by the digestive system

A

Parenteral route

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32
Q

4 most common methods by which drugs are administered parenterally

A

Intradermal
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intravenous

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33
Q

Parenteral method where drugs are administered between the layers of the skin
Injection made in the upper layers of the skin almost parallel to the skin surface
Amount of drug given is small and absorption is slow
Mostly used in testing for allergies
Usually on the medial surface of the forearm or skin of the back

A

Intradermal method (ID)

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34
Q

Parenteral method where drugs are administered beneath the skin, yet above the muscle
Angle of insertion about 45-60 degrees
Done on the fat pads of the abdomen, outer surface of the upper anterior surface of the thigh or occasionally the lower abdominal surface
When giving these drugs the technologist should slightly withdraw the plunger of the syringe before injecting the drug to make sure that a blood vessel has not been entered; if blood is seen, then it might be in a vein which could be extremely dangerous
Massage the area of injection to help increase rate of absorption

A

Subcutaneous method (SC)

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35
Q

Parenteral method where drugs are administered in the muscle when a drug is too irritating to be given subcutaneously
Larger doses can be given by this injection (up to 5 mL); larger than some other routes

A

Intramuscular method (IM)

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36
Q

Parenteral method where drugs are administered in the vein, diret injection into a vein
Most common; most emergency drugs are pushed IV, quickest route because most patients already have IV in place

A

Intravenous

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37
Q

Medication inserted into or occurring in the space under the arachnoid membrane of the brain or spinal cord, never done by technologist

A

Intrathecal

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38
Q

4 drugs that may be given intramuscularly

A

Aqueous solution
Aqueous suspension
Oily solution
Oily suspension

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39
Q

Form a drug supply in the tissue that results in slow, gradual absorption, not clear and don’t dissolve

A

Suspensions

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40
Q

Absorbed faster from the tissue than suspensions, clear and dissolve

A

Solutions

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41
Q

2 disadvantages of oils

A

Patients are usually sensitive to the oil

The oil isn’t usually absorbed

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42
Q

4 large vulnerable things that affect intramuscular site criteria

A

Nerves
Blood vessels
Bone
Scars, bruises and swollen areas from previous injection sites

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43
Q

3 areas for intramuscular injections

A

Musculature of gluteal region of the lower back (love handle)
Deltoid area
Anterolateral thigh

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44
Q

5 common IV injection sites of the hand

A 
Digital dorsal
Dorsal metacarpal
Dorsal network
Cephalic
Basilic
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45
Q

2 most common IV injection sites for long term use in the hand

A

Cephalic

Basilic

46
Q

Vein on thumb/radial side

A

Cephalic

47
Q

Vein on ulnar side

A

Basilic

48
Q

Last resort vein on hand for IV injection site because it is so small
Probably don’t want to use automatic injector or slow down flow rate because vein could blow

A

Digital dorsal

49
Q

6 areas of the antecubital space where you will normally inject contrast

A 
Cephalic
Median cubital
Accessory cephalic
Basilic (5th digit side)
Cephalic (thumb side)
Med. antebrachial
50
Q

Anterior recess of elbow where veins are located

A

Antecubital space

51
Q

Most common IV injection site

A

Median cubital

52
Q

6 rights of drug administration

A 
Right patient
Right drug
Right amount/dosage
Right time
Right route
Right documentation
53
Q

Set of infection control procedures

A

Standard precautions

54
Q

7 complications of IV

A 
Dislodged catheter
Thrombosis
Phlebitis
Catheter occlusion
Extravasation
Vasovagal reaction
Damage to nerve or tendons
55
Q

Possible infiltration of medication, tell patient to keep arm still

A

Dislodged catheter

56
Q

IV flow will stop because of an injury to the vein wall

Can get small blood clot and medication won’t go in

A

Thrombosis

57
Q

Backflow of blood in line, line clamped too long

A

Catheter occlusion

58
Q

Catheter dislodged and swelling into arm from medication, contrast outside of vein

A

Extravasation

59
Q

Anxiety, sweating, fainting or dizziness

A

Vasovagal reaction

60
Q

Improper techniques can cause this

Extreme pain, feels like an electrical shock

A

Damage to nerves or tendons

61
Q

4 systemic allergic reactions/complications

A

Allergic reaction
Infection
Air embolism: empty bag or bottle, air in line; can result in respiratory distress
- Circulatory overload: flow rate too rapid, can cause increased blood pressure & discomfort

62
Q

Urticaria, wheezing, cardiac arrest, itching

A

Anaphylactic symptoms

63
Q

Hives

A

Uticaria

64
Q

Can be caused by poor aseptic technique, catheter left in place too long; usually causes malaise

A

Infection

65
Q

Drowsiness

A

Malaise

66
Q

Can be caused by empty bag or bottle, air in line; can result in respiratory distress

A

Air embolism

67
Q

Fow rate too rapid, can cause increased blood pressure and discomfort

A

Circulatory overload

68
Q

Administered to decrease the activity of the central nervous system
Treat anxiety, acute stress reactions, panic attacks and sleep disorders
Also referred to as depressants, benzodiazepines and tranquilizers

A

Sedatives

69
Q

Drugs that act as a central nervous system depressants and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of effects from mild sedation to total anesthesia
Used to treat insomnia, anxiety and seizure disorders
Ex: thiopental, methohexital and phenobarbital

A

Barbiturates

70
Q

Barbiturate mostly used in surgical suite to induce full anesthesia, rectally
Can also be used rectally for pediatric conscious sedation before MRI studies

A

Thiopental

71
Q

Barbiturate used in brief procedures, rectally
Not good choice for procedures requiring more than 5 min of sedation but good for CT exams
Extremely rapid in onset and very short duration

A

Methohexital

72
Q

Barbiturate orally given to an adult patient the night before and morning of scheduled exam to keep patient calm

A

Phenobarbital

73
Q

Type of medication known as tranquilizers
Cause muscle relaxation, anti anxiety, anticonvulsants and sedative-hypnotic activities
Ex: Valium, Xanax and Midazolam
Patients may experience “hangover” type of effect

A

Benzodiazepines

74
Q

Most widely used benzodiazepine
Shown to decrease anxiety and improve the outcome of MRI studies by decreasing motion artifact
Given to pediatric patients rectally or intranasally about 15 min prior to exam
Quick onset and short duration of action

A

Midazolam

75
Q

Stimulate the CNS receptors to decrease pain perception

Adverse reactions: nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headaches, lightheadedness, constipation

A

Opiate analgesics

76
Q

5 cardiac medications

A 
Antiarrhythmic
Antihypertensive
Heart failure medication
Diuretics
Lipid lowering medications
77
Q

Affect the electrical conduction (movement of electrically charged particles) of the myocardium
Goal is to suppress excess electrical conduction within the cardiac system and thus decrease arrhythmia production (irregular heartbeat)
Ex: Lidocaine and Digoxin

A

Antiarrhythmic

78
Q

Lower blood pressure and decreases amount of work for heart
Ex: Clonidine and Hydralazine
Patients with severe hypertension (high bp) will require more than one of these

A

Antihypertensive

79
Q

Muscle of the heart

A

Myocardium

80
Q

Usually increase the contractile force of the heart
Basically it’s not pumping very strong, too low of BP
Ex to increase BP: Digoxin, Domamine and Epinephrine (used in radiology)

A

Heart failure medication

81
Q

Decrease intravascular pressure
Frequently called “water pills”
Designed to eliminate excess fluid and sodium from the bloodstream, thus decreasing overall pressure within vessels
Can cause dehydration, imp to watch for this with patients receiving contrast because since they’re dehydrated potentially the contrast won’t be eliminated as fast
Ex: Metalozone and Hydrochlorothizide

A

Diuretics

82
Q

Lower serum cholesterol
Patients usually have high cholesterol with probably a lot of of plaque; if plaque dislodges from vessel it can cause en embolism or blood clot
Ex: Niacin and Lovastatin

A

Lipid lowering medication

83
Q

3 blood altering medication

A

Anticoagulants
Antiplatelet
Thrombolytic

84
Q

“Blood thinners”, used to stop clot formation
Used in patients who have either a history of blood clot formation or potential to develop blood clots
Patient wtih blood clot = area usually warm to touch, swollen and red
Ex: Heparin, Warfarin and Coumadin

A

Anticoagulants

85
Q

Stop platelet formation
Used to treat heart disease
For patients who have experience an acute ischemic event (decrease in blood supply) to either their heart or brain in the past (ex: Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - mini stroke)
Ex: Aspirin

A

Antiplatelet

86
Q

Clot busters used to actively break up newly formed clot, such as found in patients wtih an acute stroke
These patients are at high risk for bleeding internally/externally, so starting an IV shouldn’t be done without physician supervision, because it thins out blood
Ex: Urokinase

A

Thrombolytic

87
Q

Relieve pain and treat headaches, arthritis, muscle aches, etc; ex: Tylenol

A

Analgesics

88
Q

4 analgesics

A

Narcotics
Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)
Muscle relaxants
Acetaminophen

89
Q

Meds that stimulate CNS receptors
Generally highly controlled by the local and federal enforcement agencies to prevent misuse in the community, unfortunately a lot of people sell these drugs they were prescribed
Respiratory arrest (stop breathing) can occur at too high dose
Ex: Fentanyl & Hydrocodone

A

Narcotics

90
Q

Used to treat pain associated with inflammation such as arthritis, muscle tears, broken bones, etc
Long-term use of NSAIDs can lead to stomach ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding
Ex: Ibuprofen and Naproxen

A

Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)

91
Q

Treat muscle spasms
Usually people with whiplash or spinal cord injuries
Can make you sleepy
Ex: Diazepam, Lorazepam and Demerol

A

Muscle relaxants

92
Q

Most common analgesic in use today
Contained in almost all pain medication combonations
Low potency pain reliever
Long term use of high doses can cause renal and cardiac damage

A

Acetaminophen

93
Q

Prohibit histamine release in an allergic reaction to relieve adverse effects such as sneezing, itching, inflammation and respiratory distress
Also used for common allergies
Ex: Benadryl, Claritin, Zyrtec

A

Antihistamines

94
Q

2 endocrine medications

A

Antidiabetic

Thyroid

95
Q

Aid in maintaining the balance between blood sugar and tissue sugar
Some patients are termed insulin dependent because they have little or no circulating endogenous (within the body) insulin
When injecting contrast you should have the patient suspend these medications for 48 hours after injection or it can hurt kidney function
Ex: Glipizide, Metformin and Glucophage

A

Antidiabetic

96
Q 
Used to treat hypothyroidism that’s either primary because of lack of endogenous thyroid production or secondary to removal of the thyroid gland
Ex: Thyroxine
For hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) you would take an anti-thyroid medication like methimazole
A

Thyroid

97
Q

Underactive thyroid, doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone

A

Hypothyroidism

98
Q

4 central nervous medications

A

Anti-seizure
Antipsychotic
Antidepressants
Antianxiety

99
Q

Medications used to prevent and treat seizure disorders
Convulsions result from decrease in O2 and blood flow to brain
Goal is to stop the seizure activity and prolong the interval between each seizure event
Ex: Diazepam, Lorazepam and Clonazepam

A

Anti-seizure

100
Q

Used to treat psychotic episodes and disorders such as schizophrenia, hallucinations, antisocial behavior, etc
Ex: Clozapine and Loxapine

A

Antipsychotic

101
Q

Used to treat clinical depression that results from neurotransmitter deficiencies
Take very seriously if patients talk to you about suicide
Ex: Nortiptyline and Amitriptyline

A

Antidepressants

102
Q

Used for treating acute and chronic anxiety states
In radiology field, you will see this with patients that require a sedative for ex: claustrophobia (especially in MRI)
Ex: Diazepam and Clonazepam

A

Antianxiety

103
Q

3 anti-infective agents

A

Antibiotics
Antifungals
Antivirals

104
Q

Therapeutic agents used to kill or suppress pathologic microorganisms responsible for causing infectious disease
Will kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
Ex: Penicillin

A

Antibiotics

105
Q

Used to kill fungal organisms
For treating athletes foot, yeast infection, etc
Ex: Nystatin

A

Antifungals

106
Q

Used for treating viral infections

Ex: influenza

A

Antivirals

107
Q

Drug that’s effective against vomiting and nausea; used to treat motion sickness and the side effects of opioid analgesics, general anesthetics and chemo directed against cancer

A

Antiemtetics

108
Q

Medication or other intervention that inhibits anxiety

A

Anxiolytics

109
Q

Drug used to reduce the effect of laryngospasm
Sometimes given as a preoperative agent to reduce salivation and excessive secretions in the respiratory tract
Can prevent cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension and bradycardia

A

Atropine

110
Q

Inflammation of the vein, swollen vein

A

Phlebitis

RAD 212 - Special Procedures (6 decks)

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