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π“œπ‘’π’Ήπ’Ύπ’Έπ’Άπ“ π“œπ’Ύπ’Έπ“‡π‘œπ’·π’Ύπ‘œπ“π‘œπ‘”π“Ž > Systems for Detection of Pathogens I > Flashcards

Systems for Detection of Pathogens I Flashcards

1
Q

What is a commensal (non pathogen )pathogen?

A

➝ Present but not capable of causing disease in the host

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2
Q

What are two examples of commensal (non pathogen) pathogens?

A

➝ E.Coli

➝ Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron

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3
Q

What is a zoonotic pathogen?

A

➝ Present but only capable of causing disease in another host

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4
Q

What is an example of a zoonotic pathogen?

A

➝ E.Coli O157:H7

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5
Q

What is a commensal opportunist pathogen?

A

➝ Present and capable of causing disease in the host but only in certain circumstances

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6
Q

What are two examples of opportunist commensal pathogens?

A

➝ Bacteroides fragilis

➝ Coagulase negative staphylococcus

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7
Q

What are the taxonomical classifications?

A 
➝ Domain
➝ Kingdom 
➝ Phylum
➝Class
➝ Order
➝ Family 
➝Genus 
➝ Species
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8
Q

What is the definition of a pathogen?

A

➝ A microbe capable of causing a specific degree of host damage

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9
Q

What test sites require decontamination and give two examples?

A

➝ Non sterile sites

➝ feces or skin

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10
Q

What sites must be free from contamination and give an example?

A

➝ sterile sites

➝ blood cultures can’t have skin flora in them

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11
Q

What sites require concentration and why and give 3 examples ?

A

➝ Samples with high volume or relatively low infected pathogen load
➝ CSF, ascites, 24 hour urine

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12
Q

How do you prepare cultured organisms for identification?

A

➝ Enrichment
➝ purification
➝ amplification

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13
Q

Why is no culture needed with direct light microscopy?

A

➝ the organisms can be seen

➝ it is very obvious if one of the organisms is present

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14
Q

What 4 organisms can be seen with direct light microscopy?

A

➝ Trichomonas vaginalis
➝ Schistosoma mansonii
➝ Strongyloides (threadworm)
➝ Entamoeba histolytics

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15
Q

What 4 organisms can be seen with direct electron microscopy?

A

➝ Rotavirus
➝ Rabies
➝ Hepatitis B
➝ Tonsilitis

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16
Q

What is another way of visualising specifically bacterial samples?

A

➝ gram staining

17
Q

What are the two types of stain are used for tuberculosis?

A

➝ Ziehl Nielsen

➝ Auramine

18
Q

What does a pathogen having a capsule mean?

A

➝ It is more likely to be a pathogen

19
Q

How do you find viruses inside cells?

A

➝ Immunofluorescent staining with pathogen specific conjugated antibody

20
Q

What are the 4 advantages of microscopy?

A

➝ Easy to perform
➝ rapid screening
➝ some parasites have specific morphology
➝ specific immunofluorescence staining is possible

21
Q

What are the 4 disadvantages of microscopy?

A

➝ Not sensitive
➝ General stains are not specific
➝ Labour intensive
➝ requires specialist interpretive expertise

22
Q

What does bacteriology rely on?

A

➝ the ability of the test system to be able to grow the pathogen

23
Q

What are the three types of media bacteria can grow in?

A

➝ Non selective
➝ Semi selective
➝ Selective growth temperatures

24
Q

What is an example of non selective medis?

A

➝ blood agar

25
Q

What is an example of selective media?

A

➝ MacConkey agar
➝ DCA
➝ CLED

26
Q

What is an example of an obligate aerobe pathogen?

A

➝ Pseudomonas fluorescens

27
Q

Which pathogens can you grow in different atmospheres and why?

A

➝ S. aureus
➝ E.Coli
➝ both are facultative anaerobes

28
Q

Name 4 respiratory pathogens?

A

➝ Neisseria meningitidis
➝ Neisseria gonorrhoea
➝ Haemophilus influenzae
➝ Brucella melitensis

29
Q

In what culture can respiratory pathogens be grown?

A

➝ Microaerophilic

30
Q

Why are some organisms anaerobic?

A

➝ They don’t have the capacity to deal with what oxygen does to their metabolism

31
Q

What organisms are anaerobic and grow if you have frostbite?

A

➝ Clostridium perfringens

32
Q

How does systematic bacteriology work?

A

➝ After performing all the tests on culture
➝ make a table that is either + or - for each one of the factors
➝ Each pathogen will get a unique pattern of - and +

33
Q

What are phages?

A

➝ viruses that infect bacteria

34
Q

How do you find out what concentration of antibiotic to give?

A

➝ Soak a strip in different concentrations of antibiotic
➝ place it on a culture of bacteria
➝ measure the zones of inhibition

35
Q

Why can you not culture viruses?

A

➝ they live inside of cells

36
Q

What is a cytopathic effect?

A

➝ Using a cell line and adding a virus to see the effect it has on cells

37
Q

Why do you use the direct ELISA and not electron microscopy?

A

➝ Electron microscopy cannot identify the virus and culture takes 3-10 days

38
Q

What are the 5 advantages of classical culture and identification?

A 
➝ Cheap, simple, reliable
➝ Sensitive
➝ Validated specificity 
➝ Direct in vivo measurement of effectiveness of therapy 
➝ Easily archived
39
Q

What are the 6 disadvantages of classical culture?

A

➝ Some pathogens cannot be grown
➝ some pathogens cannot be well differentiated by biochemistry alone
➝ Slow : culture requires at least overnight incubation
➝ some pathogens grow too slowly to aid rapid diagnosis
➝ labour intensive
➝ requires specialist interpretive experts

π“œπ‘’π’Ήπ’Ύπ’Έπ’Άπ“ π“œπ’Ύπ’Έπ“‡π‘œπ’·π’Ύπ‘œπ“π‘œπ‘”π“Ž (17 decks)

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