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π“œπ‘’π’Ήπ’Ύπ’Έπ’Άπ“ π“œπ’Ύπ’Έπ“‡π‘œπ’·π’Ύπ‘œπ“π‘œπ‘”π“Ž > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a parasite?

A

➝ A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets food from or at expense of the host

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2
Q

What are the three classes of parasite that can cause disease in humans?

A

➝ Protozoa
➝ Helminths
➝ Ectoparasites

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3
Q

What are protozoa?

A

➝ single celled, microscopic organisms that can be free-living of parasitic in nature

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4
Q

How can intestinal protozoa be transmitted?

A

➝ fecal-oral route

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5
Q

How can blood or tissue protozoa be transmitted?

A

➝ Arthropod vector

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6
Q

How are protozoa classified?

A

➝ The mode of movement

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of protozoa?

A

➝ Amoeba
➝ Flagellates
➝ Ciliates
➝ Sporozoa

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8
Q

What is an example of an amoeba?

A

➝ Entamoeba

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9
Q

What are two examples of a flagellate?

A

➝ Giardia

➝ Leishmania

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10
Q

What is an example of a ciliate?

A

➝ balantidium

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11
Q

What is a sporozoa and give an example?

A

➝ Organisms whose adult stage is not motile

➝ plasmodium and cryptosporidium

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12
Q

What does entamoeba histolytica cause?

A

➝ amoebic dysentery which presents with loss of epithelium

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13
Q

What does giardia lamblia cause?

A

➝ Diarrhoea

➝ Epithelial damage and blunting of microvilli

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14
Q

What does trichomonas vaginalis cause?

A

➝ Vaginal discharge

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15
Q

How is toxoplasma gondii transmitted?

A

➝ through cat feces

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16
Q

What can cryptosporidium cause?

A

➝ Epidemic diarrhoea

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17
Q

What type of infection is cryptosporidium and who does it affect?

A

➝ Opportunistic infection that arises in immunosuppressed people

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18
Q

What type of an infection is leishmania?

A

➝ Protozoal

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19
Q

What does leishmania cause?

A

➝ severe systemic illness and cutaneous disease

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20
Q

What disease does trypanosoma cruzi cause and where is it endemic to?

A

➝ Chagas disease

➝ South America

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21
Q

What disease does trypanosoma brucei cause?

A

➝ African sleeping sickness

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22
Q

What are helminths?

A

➝ Large multicellular organisms (worms) generally visible to the naked eye in their adult stages

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23
Q

What are the three main groups of helminths that are human parasites?

A

➝ Nematodes (roundworms)
➝ Trematodes (flukes)
➝ Cestodes (tapeworms)

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24
Q

What are 4 examples of soil transmitted helminths?

A

➝ Ascaris lumbricoides
➝ Trichuris trichuria
➝ hookworm
➝ enterobius vermicularis

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25
Q

What are the two important types of nematodes?

A

➝ Soil transmitted helminths

➝ Filarial parasites

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26
Q

What are 4 examples of filarial parasites (helminths)?

A

➝ Wuchereria bancrofti
➝ Loa loa
➝ Onchocerca volvulus
➝Dracunculus medinesis

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27
Q

What does Wuchereria bancrofti cause?

A

➝ Elephantiasis

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28
Q

What are two other important helminths other than the filarial parasites and soil transmitted helminths?

A

➝ Toxocara canis/cati

➝ trichinella spiralis

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29
Q

Give 4 examples of medically important trematodes?

A

➝ Schistosoma mansoni/haematobium/japonicum
➝ Clornochis sinensis
➝ Fasciola hepatica
➝ Paragonimus

30
Q

What does paragonimus cause?

A

➝ TB like illness

31
Q

What does clornochis sinensis cause?

A

➝ Cholangiocarcinoma

32
Q

Give 3 examples of medically important cestodes?

A

➝ Taenia saginata
➝ Taenia solium
➝ Echinococcus granulosus

33
Q

What can taenia solium cause?

A

➝ cysts in the brain

34
Q

What can echinococcus granulosus cause?

A

➝ hydatid disease

35
Q

What are ectoparasites?

A

➝ Blood sucking arthropods such as ticks,fleas, lice and mites that attach or burrow into the skin and remain there for relatively long periods of time (weeks to months)

36
Q

What are 2 examples of mites?

A

➝ Scabies

➝ Trombiculid

37
Q

What are two types of ticks?

A

➝ hard

➝ soft

38
Q

What are three types of lice?

A

➝ Pediculus humanus capitis
➝ Pediculus humanus humanus
➝ Pthirus pubis

39
Q

What are the two types of parasitic host?

A

➝ Intermediate

➝ Definitive

40
Q

What is an intermediate host?

A

➝ a host in which larvae or asexual stages develop

41
Q

What is a definitive host?

A

➝ a host in which the adult or sexual stage occurs

42
Q

What are the two types of parasitic vectors?

A

➝ Mechanical

➝ Biological

43
Q

What is a mechanical vector?

A

➝ When there is no development of the parasite in the vector

44
Q

What is a biological vector?

A

➝ When some stages of the life cycle of the parasite occur in the vector

45
Q

Describe the life cycle of schistosomiasis?

A

➝ you walk in water contaminated by human feces
➝ the eggs develop into miracidia which infect the intermediate hosts which are snails
➝ the snail becomes an amplifier and there is asexual reproduction in the cell called cercariae
➝ the cercariae infect the humans
➝ they develop into adults in the host
➝ the adults undergo sexual reproduction and the female releases eggs

46
Q

Where are most parasitic infections from?

A

➝ Animals

47
Q

What is DALY?

A

➝ Disease adjusted life years

48
Q

Why is DALY a unit of measurement?

A

➝ Many infections are not fatal but they cause chronic illness
➝ DALY measures the amount of disability years

49
Q

How can feco-oral route using parasites be eradicated without medication?

A

➝ Household sanitation
➝ Access to clean water
➝ personal hygiene behaviors

50
Q

How can food route using parasites be eradicated without medication?

A

➝ Animal husbandry
➝ Surveillance
➝ Government control and regulation

51
Q

Describe how Chagas disease occurs?

A

➝ Reduviidae bugs feed on the human and defecate
➝ when the bite is scratches you can scratch the feces into your skin
➝ the parasite enters and multiplies in nerve or muscle cells
➝ the cells rupture releasing thousands of trypomastigotes that can be taken up by the bug again

52
Q

Where is Chagas disease endemic to?

A

➝ latin and south america

53
Q

What is parasite is Chagas disease caused by?

A

➝ Trypanosoma Cruzi

54
Q

What are the three phases of Chagas disease?

A

➝ Acute
➝ Chronic β€˜indeterminate’
➝ Chronic β€˜determinate’

55
Q

What are the three characteristics of the acute phase of Chagas disease?

A

➝ incubation 1-2 weeks after bite
➝ upto months after transfusion
➝ trypanosoma in blood

56
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of the chronic β€˜indeterminate’ phase of Chagas disease?

A 
➝ Lifelong infection
➝ generally trypanosomes detectable but often positive for parasite DNA
➝ seropositive 
➝ 60-70% of infected
➝ normal ECG and X-rays
57
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of the β€˜determinate’ chronic phase of Chagas disease?

A

➝ seropositive
➝ 30-40% infected
➝ 10-30 years after infection

58
Q

What % of people develop chronic Chagas after the acute disease?

A

➝ 5-10%

59
Q

What are the symptoms of acute Chagas disease?

A 
➝ Local swelling (romana) 
➝ nodule or chagoma 
➝ fever
➝ anorexia
➝ lymphadenopathy
60
Q

When do the symptoms of acute Chagas disease occur within and how long do they last?

A

➝ 3 weeks

➝ symptoms last 8-10 weeks

61
Q

What are the rare complications of acute Chagas disease?

A

➝ Hepatosplenomegaly
➝ Acute myocarditis
➝ Meningoencephalitis
➝ Fatality <5% of symptomatic

62
Q

What are the cardiac effects of chronic Chagas disease?

A

➝ There is damage to the conduction system of the heart
➝ this causes arrhythmia
➝ damage to the heart muscle wall causing cardiomyopathy
➝ apical aneurysms can occur
➝sudden death due to arrhythmia is common

63
Q

What % of people with chronic Chagas disease are affected with digestive issues?

A

➝ 10-15%

64
Q

What digestive organs are most affected in chronic Chagas?

A

➝ Esophagus
➝ rectum
➝ sigmoid colon

65
Q

What are the complications of a megacolon during Chagas disease?

A 
➝ Fecaloma
➝ Obstruction
➝ Sigmoid volvulus
➝ Ulceration
➝ perforation
66
Q

What is the presentation of a megacolon?

A

➝ constipation

67
Q

Describe the progression from acute Chagas to chronic?

A

➝ Acute illness occurs that is not symptomatic
➝ Parasites appear in the blood
➝ the immune response starts to control the parasite numbers and you go into the indeterminate phase
➝ after many years there is development of chronic Chagas disease

68
Q

What is tissue damage in acute Chagas caused by?

A

➝ Tissue damage caused by the inflammatory response to parasite in nests of amastigotes in cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle

69
Q

How does parasite killing occur in acute Chagas?

A

➝ Parasite killing by antibodies
➝ activated innate immune response
➝ Th1 inflammatory cytokines

70
Q

What is the immune response to Chagas in the indeterminate phase characterised by?

A

➝ IL-10 and IL-7

71
Q

What is the type of immune response to Chagas in the chronic phase?

A

➝ Chronic inflammatory response to persistent parasites in muscle and nerve cells

π“œπ‘’π’Ήπ’Ύπ’Έπ’Άπ“ π“œπ’Ύπ’Έπ“‡π‘œπ’·π’Ύπ‘œπ“π‘œπ‘”π“Ž (17 decks)

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