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Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Protective tissues covering exposed regions of the body

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2
Q

Nervous tissues

A

Involved in conducting signals from nervous system

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3
Q

Connective Tissues

A

Structural tissues

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4
Q

Organs vs Organ Systems

A

Organ: heart Organ system: circulatory system

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5
Q

Negative feedback

A

Receptor signals control centre signals effector to bring body to homeostasis

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6
Q

Ecotherms

A

Cold-blooded. Obtain heat from environment

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7
Q

Endotherms

A

Hot-blooded. Generate own heat.

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8
Q

Function of gills

A

Diffuse oxygen from water into the blood of the animal

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9
Q

Respiration of simple animals occurs by _____

A

diffusion

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10
Q

Tracheae

A

Tubular chitinous system in grasshoppers where O2 enters through spiracles

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11
Q

Pathway of air as it enters the body

A

Pharynx larynx trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolus, alveoli

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12
Q

Inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts downward. External intercostal muscles contract upwards, increasing thoracic volume. Creates gradient

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13
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Controls respiration

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14
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Monitor concentration of O2 and pH in our blood

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15
Q

Open circulatory systems contain ____

A

Hemolymph

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16
Q

Blood flow circuit starting at body

A

Body RA Tricuspid RV Pulmonary Valve Pulmonary Arteries Lungs Pulmonary Veins LA Mitral Valve LV Aorta Body

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17
Q

Process of contraction

A

SA node, AV node, Bundle of HIS, left and right bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, contraction

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18
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of ventricles. Semilunars are open. AV valves are closed

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19
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of ventricles. Semilunars closed. AV valves open

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20
Q

What causes movement of blood through arteries?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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21
Q

Erythrocytes are ____

A

red blood cells

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22
Q

Leukocytes are ____

A

White blood cells

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23
Q

Platelets are?

A

Cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation

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24
Q

What is plasma?

A

Aqueous, non-cellular portion of blood

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25
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Filters the blood

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26
Q

Pathway of blood through kidneys?

A

Kidney, converted to urine, ureter, bladder, urethra

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27
Q

Outer layer of kidney?

A

Cortex

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28
Q

Inner part of kidney

A

Medulla

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29
Q

What do nephrons do?

A

Produce urine

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30
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

REgion of cerebral cortex. Involved in higher order functions

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32
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

REgion of cerebral cortex. Integrates sensory information

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33
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Back of cerebral cortex. Visual processing

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34
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Audition

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35
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Bundle of neurons bridging both sides of brain

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36
Q

Cerebellum

A

Movement and balance

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37
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis

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38
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory

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39
Q

Medulla

A

Breathing, heart rate

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40
Q

PNs

A

Not CNS

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41
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Under voluntary control

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42
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary control

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43
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Fight or flight

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44
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

Rest and digest

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45
Q

Part of neuron that receives input

A

Dendrite

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46
Q

Soma is another word for____

A

Cell body

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47
Q

Function of axon

A

Send impulses

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48
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Transfer info to brain

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49
Q

Interneurons/association neurons

A

In between sensory and motor neurons

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50
Q

Motor neurons

A

Transfer info from brain

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51
Q

Depolarization

A

Na+ moves into cell, decreasing its negative potential

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52
Q

Repolarization

A

K+ exits the cell, increasing its negative potential

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53
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Refractory period of cell. Cell is very negative potential

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54
Q

Resting neuron potential

A

-70 mV

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55
Q

Threshold potential of neuron

A

-55 mV

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56
Q

Hyperpolarization/refractory phase potential of neuron

A

-90 mV

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57
Q

What is the myeline sheath made up of?

A

Schwann Cells in PNS and oligodendrocytes in CNS

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58
Q

Most common neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate, GABA

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59
Q

What happens in the mouth?

A

Chewing and salivary amylase breaks down food into a bolus

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60
Q

Peristalsis

A

Involuntary contractions of digestive tract to move food

61
Q

What happens when food moves through pharynx?

A

Epiglottis covers glottis to prevent food entry into airway

62
Q

What happens in the esophagus

A

Esophageal sphincter opens and peristalsis occurs

63
Q

Parts of stomach

A

Fundus, body, antrum

64
Q

Mucous cells in stomach

A

Line stomach to protect it from acidic environment

65
Q

Chief cells in stomach

A

Synthesize pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin

66
Q

Parietal cells in stomach

A

Necessary to absorb vitamin B12

67
Q

What is the bolus called when mixed by the stomach?

A

Chyme

68
Q

First portion of small intestine

A

Duodenum

69
Q

Second portion of small intestine

A

Jejunem

70
Q

Final portion of SI

A

Ileum

71
Q

Purpose of villi in intestine

A

Increase SA for more effective absorption

72
Q

Function of secretin

A

Stimulates secretion of bicarbonate, reducing acidity of the chyme

73
Q

Function of gastrin

A

Stimulates secretion of gastric juices

74
Q

Function of cholecystokinin

A

Stimulates bile release from gall bladder

75
Q

Pathway of food

A

Mouth pharynx esophagus stomach SI (duodenum, jejunem, ileum) LI, rectum, anus

76
Q

Function of gall bladder

A

Store bile

77
Q

Function of liver

A

Secrete bile

78
Q

Function of bile

A

Emulsifies fat

79
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

Long, thin, multinucleated, striated

80
Q

Characteristics of smooth muscle

A

Disordered, circular, lines walls of organs under control of autonomic system, non striated

81
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

Short, branched, mononucleated, controls involuntary contractions of the heart, striated

82
Q

First line of immune defense

A

Skin, cilia, gastric juice, symbiotic bacteria, antimicrobial proteins

83
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Most abundant leukocyte. Deal with bacterial and fungal infections

84
Q

Function of eosinophiles

A

Deal with parasitic infections

85
Q

Function of basophiles

A

Involved in allergic response

86
Q

What are the granculocytes?

A

Neutrophiles, eosinophils, basophphiles

87
Q

Components of innate immunity

A

Granulocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages

88
Q

Function of helper T cells

A

Stimulate other immune cells

89
Q

Function of cytotoxic and natural killer T cells

A

Destroy cells marked for destruction

90
Q

Function of memory T cells

A

Remember infection

91
Q

Function of B cells

A

Secrete antibodies to fight pathogens

92
Q

Active Immunity

A

Occurs from direct exposure to pathogen (through immune response or vaccines)

93
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Occurs from indirect response to pathogen

94
Q

Function of plasma B cells

A

Secrete antibodies

95
Q

Function of memory B cells

A

Remember pathogen

96
Q

What is the outer layer of the skin called?

A

Epidermis

97
Q

What is the inner layer of the skin called?

A

Dermis

98
Q

What is cartilage synthesized by?

A

Chondrocytes

99
Q

Most common type of cartilage in body?

A

Hyaline

100
Q

Bone is made up of?

A

Mineralized collagen fibers

101
Q

Dense bone

A

Compact, makes up most of the bone in the body

102
Q

Spongy bone

A

Less dense bone matrix made up of a lattice of spicules/trabuchalae

103
Q

Function of osteoblasts

A

Build bone

104
Q

Function of osteoclasts

A

Chew bone

105
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Skull, rib cage, spine – forms axis of body

106
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Bones of arms, legs, etc.

107
Q

Sclera

A

Thick, opaque layer covering eyeball (whites of the eye)

108
Q

Cornea

A

Refracts and bends light

109
Q

Pupil

A

Allows light to pass into eye

110
Q

Lens

A

Focuses light on cornea, controlled by ciliary muscles

111
Q

Vitreous Humour

A

Maintains eyeshape

112
Q

Retina

A

Contains light-sensitive cells

113
Q

Cones

A

Cells responsible for day vision in retina

114
Q

Rods

A

Cells responsible for night vision in retina

115
Q

Hyperopia

A

Far sightedness

116
Q

Myopia

A

Near sightedness

117
Q

Glaucoma

A

Pressure buildup within eye

118
Q

Astigmatism

A

Irregularly shaped cornea

119
Q

Cataracts

A

Part of lens becomes opaque

120
Q

Path of light into eye

A

Cornea, pupil, lens, retina

121
Q

Pathway of sound into ear

A

Pinna/auricle, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, ossicles, cochlea, semicircular canals

122
Q

Outer Ear

A

Pinna/auricles, auditory canal

123
Q

Middle Ear

A

Tympanic membrane and ossicles

124
Q

Inner Ear

A

Cochlea and semicircular canals

125
Q

Pinna/Auricles

A

Direct sound into auditory canals

126
Q

Auditory canals

A

Direct sound to middle ear

127
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

vibrates with frequency of air

128
Q

Ossicles

A

Malleus, incus, stapes. Transfer oscillations

129
Q

Cochlea

A

Contains cochlea fluid that is disrupted by oscillations

130
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

Contain hairs that are disrupted by disturbance to the cochlear fluid

131
Q

The hypothalamus works closely with the ?

A

Pituitary gland

132
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

Secretes tropic hormones that stimulate other hormone glands

133
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

Secretes hormones that have a direct effect on the target tissue

134
Q

Pancreas

A

Hormonal gland

135
Q

Alpha cells in pancreas

A

Secrete glucagon. Increase blood glucose levels

136
Q

Beta cells in pancreas

A

Secretes insulin to increase glucose uptake by cells, decreasing glucose levels in the blood

137
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Diffuse through cell membrane and go directly to nucleus

138
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Require receptor mediated endocytosis to be uptaken by cells

139
Q

Amino acid hormones

A

Derived from tyrosine and tryptophan

140
Q

Function, type and place of origin of glucagon

A

Increases blood glucose levels, pancreas, peptide

141
Q

Function and origin of insulin, type

A

Decreases blood glucose levels, pancreas, peptide

142
Q

Function and origin of cortisol, type

A

Increase blood glucose levels, cortex, steroid

143
Q

Function, type, and origin of aldosterone

A

Increase reabsorption of Na+, steroid, cortex

144
Q

Function, type, and origin of calcitonin

A

Uptake of calcium by bones, peptide

145
Q

Function, type, and origin of FSH

A

Follicular Stimulating hormone, stimulates maturation of follicles, anterior pituitary

146
Q

Functionn, type, and origin of LH

A

Lutenizing hormone, stimulates maturation of corpus luteum, peptide

147
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates mammary glands, normal hormone, peptide

148
Q

Melatonin

A

Pineal gland, regulation of sleep cycles, amino acid hormone

DAT Biology (6 decks)

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