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DAT Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

four classes ofa organic molecules

A

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

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2
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Single sugar molecule

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3
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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4
Q

Number of carbons in glucose and fructose

A

6

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5
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two sugar molecules joined by a glycosidic linkage

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6
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Lactose, sucrose, maltose

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7
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Series of connected sugar molecules

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8
Q

Function of starch

A

Energy storage in plant cels

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9
Q

Function of glycogen

A

Energy storage in animal cells

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10
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural support in plant cells

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11
Q

Chitin

A

Structural in walls of fungus and arthropod exoskeletons

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12
Q

Lipids

A

Hydrophobic molecules

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13
Q

Functions of lipids

A

Insulation, energy storage, structural, endocrine

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14
Q

Triglycerides are found in ___

A

fats and oils

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15
Q

Triglycerides are composed of

A

A glycerol molecule connected to three fatty acid tails

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16
Q

Saturated triglycerides

A

No double bonds in fatty acid tails

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17
Q

Monounsaturated triglycerides

A

One double bond in fatty acid tail

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18
Q

Polyunsaturated triglycerides

A

two or more double bonds in fatty acid tail

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19
Q

Structure of phospholipids

A

Glycerol group and phosphate group. Two fatty acid tails

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20
Q

Amphipathic phospholipids

A

Fatty acid tails are non polar hydrophobic and glycerol and phosphate are polar hydrophilic

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21
Q

Function of phospholipids

A

Forms cell membrane

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22
Q

Glycolipids

A

Phospholipid but contains carbohydrate instead of phosphate group

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23
Q

Steroid Structure

A

Backbone of four linked carbon rings

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24
Q

Proteins

A

Polymers of covalently bonded amino acids

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25
Q

Structure of amino acid

A

Central carbon with an amino (NH3), carboxyl (COOH), hydrogen (H), and (R) group

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26
Q

What does peptide bond formation produce?

A

Water

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27
Q

Types of proteins

A

Storage, transport, defensive, enzymes

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28
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Amino acid sequence

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29
Q

Secondary Protein structure

A

Localized folds due to hydrogen bonding

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30
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

Overall 3D shape of protein due to interactions within protein

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31
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

2 or more peptide chains coming together by protein bonding. Not present in all proteins.

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32
Q

Protein denaturation

A

Structures above secondary protein structure are removed from the protein. Protein is not broken down into individual amino acids.

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33
Q

Nucleotides

A

Phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base

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34
Q

Nucleoside

A

Sugar and nitrogenous base

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35
Q

Purines

A

Adenine, Guanine

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36
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Uracil*, Thymine

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37
Q

Dogma of genetics

A

Dna to Rna to Protein

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38
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were independent prokaryotes who were engulfed by a larger cell, forming eukaryotic cells

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39
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Unicellular cells with small ribosomes and no cytoskeleton. No internal membranes or organelles. Nucleoside region. Single circular chromosome. Plasmid can be present.

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40
Q

Photoautrotrophs

A

Use photosynthesis to make their food from sunlight

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41
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Use chemosynthesis to make food from inorganic molecules (H2S, NH3, etc.)

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42
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Obtain energy by consuming either autotrophs or products made by autotrophs

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43
Q

Obligate Anaerobe

A

Survives only when NO OXYGEN is present

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44
Q

Obligate Aerobe

A

Needs oxygen

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45
Q

Facultative Anaerobe

A

In absence of oxygen, can switch from aerobe to anaerobe

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46
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains chromosomes wrapped into histones. Surrounding by semi-permeable nuclear membrane.

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47
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosome formation

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48
Q

Ribosome

A

“Protein factories”

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49
Q

Two locations ribosomes can be found?

A

Rough ER, free-floating in cytoplasm

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50
Q

Ribosomes on rough ER create proteins that ____

A

Are destined to leave the cell

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51
Q

Ribosomes free-floating in cytoplasm create proteins that ____

A

Stay in the cell

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52
Q

Rough ER

A

Contains ribosomes that function in protein synthesis

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53
Q

Smooth Er

A

Synthesizes steroid hormones and lipids. Stores calcium in muscle cells for contraction. Detox.

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54
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Packages products from rough ER and sends them to their destination

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55
Q

Lysosomes

A

Sacs that contain enzymes for digestion

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56
Q

Mitochondria

A

Makes ATP. HAs own DNA and ribosomes

57
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Detox by turning H2O2 into H2O

58
Q

Cell wall

A

Structural support in plants and fungi. ANIMALS DONT HAVE THESE

59
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Area between adjacent cells filled with fibrous structural proteins. Provides support and helps bind adjacent cells

60
Q

Plastids

A

Contain chloroplasts and leucoplasts in plants

61
Q

Cytoskeleton only in _____ cells

A

Eukaryotic

62
Q

Microtubules

A

Made of tubulin. Forms spindle fibres during cell division. Found in flagella and cilia.

63
Q

Microfilaments

A

Made of actin. Cell motility.

64
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Structural support for cells

65
Q

Cell membrane

A

Semi permeable membrane that surrounds the cell. Double phospholipid bilayer. Contains cholesterol for support.

66
Q

Active Transport requires ____

A

ATP

67
Q

Types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis (cell-eating) Pinocytosis (cell-drinking) Receptor Mediated Endocytosis (form of pinocytosis where specific fluid molecules bind to receptors)

68
Q

Passive Transport

A

Molecules move down concentration gradient without the need for ATP

69
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Movement of solutes or water through hydrophilic protein channel

70
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion involving water

71
Q

Plasmolysis

A

The collapse of a cell as a result of too much water exiting it

72
Q

Dialysis

A

Diffusion of solutes across a selective membrane

73
Q

Bulk Flow

A

Movement of a fluid in one direction in an organism (example: blood moving through humans)

74
Q

Anchoring Junctions (Desmosomes)

A

Anchor cells to each other

75
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Seal. Prevent things passing from cell to cell.

76
Q

Gap junctions

A

Allows ions and small molecules to move between cells

77
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Gap junctions in plant cells

78
Q

Qurom Sensing

A

Bacteria secrete communication molecules

79
Q

Gap Junction / Plasmodesmata signalling

A

Direct molecule transfer between cells

80
Q

Paracrine Signals

A

Localized signals released as growth factors

81
Q

Endocrine signals

A

Long distance

82
Q

G1 Interphase

A

Growth

83
Q

S Interphase

A

growth and DNA duplication

84
Q

G2 interphase

A

Prepare to divide

85
Q

Events of prophase of mitosis

A

Nuclear envelope disappears. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Mitotic spindle is formed.

86
Q

Events of metaphase of mitosis

A

Chromosomes align on metaphase plate. Chromosomes are attached to spindle fibres.

87
Q

Events of anaphase of mitosis

A

Chromosomes pulled apart into sister chromatids

88
Q

Events of telophase of mitosis

A

Chromosomes decondense. Nuclear envelope reforms.

89
Q

Events of cytokinesis mitosis

A

Cell plate (plants) or cleavage furrow (animals) is formed, splitting the cell in two

90
Q

Events of prophase meiosis

A

Chromatin decondenses, spindle develops, nuclear envelop disappears. Synapsis occurs (pairing of homologous chromosomes) Crossing over occurs

91
Q

Events of metaphase I meiosis

A

tetrads align on metaphase plate

92
Q

Events of anaphase I meiosis

A

Tetrads pulled apart

93
Q

Events of telophase I meiosis

A

Nuclear envelope reforms.

94
Q

G1 Checkpoint

A

Can division be undertaken?

95
Q

G2 Checkpoint

A

Was DNA replicated succesfully?

96
Q

M checkpoint

A

Are all chromosomes attached to spindle fibers during metaphase?

97
Q

G0 phase

A

Cell does not divide due to being rejected at G1 checkpoint

98
Q

Density dependent inhibition cell division

A

If area around cell is too dense, division ceases

99
Q

Enzymes

A

Lower a reaction’s activation energy. Doesn’t change energy absorbed or released during a process.

100
Q

Effect of high temperatures on enzymes

A

Denaturation

101
Q

Effect of extreme pH on enzymes

A

Denaturation

102
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

regulation of an enzyme by a binding molecule at a site other than the enzyme’s active site

103
Q

Allosteric Enzymes

A

HAve both a site for allosteric binding and an active site

104
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

End product of reaction inhibits and disables enzyme

105
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

A substance can mic substrate and enter the active site

106
Q

Non-competitive Inhibition

A

A substance binds to a point on the enzyme that warps its shape and disables it

107
Q

Cooperativity

A

When one substrate binds to enzyme, its affinity for other substrates increases

108
Q

Entropy

A

Degree of disorder in a system. Entropy of universe always increasing

109
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy can’t be created or destroyed. Can only be transferred.

110
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

All energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe

111
Q

Order of appearance of life

A

Inorganic molecules, small organic molecules, proteinoids, protocells, heterotrophs, autotrophs, eukaryotes

112
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

113
Q

Where does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coA occur?

A

Cytosol

114
Q

Where does Krebs cycle occur?

A

Mictochondria

115
Q

Where does electron transport chain occur?

A

Mitochondria

116
Q

What is glycolysis converted to in the first step of glycolysis.

A

PGAL

117
Q

In glycolysis, once glucose produces?

A

2 pyruvate, 1 NADH, 4 ATP

118
Q

What happens after glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate becomes acetyl coA

119
Q

What happens after acetyl coA is formed

A

Krebs

120
Q

What is produced for every acetyl coA that enters the Krebs cycle?

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2, 1 GTP

121
Q

What is produced for every two turns of the KRebs cycle?

A

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 GTP

122
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

A

Oxygen

123
Q

What does the acceptance of electrons by oxygen form?

A

Water

124
Q

What is the ATP generating turbine?

A

ATP synthase

125
Q

How does the ATP generating turbine turn?

A

Uses energy from H+ gradient

126
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Generation of glucose form non-carbohydrate substances. Happens in liver and kidney

127
Q

Fermentation . What happens?

A

Occurs anaerobically. Pyruvate becomes acetaldehyde which becomes ethanol, meaning that NADH can become NAD+

128
Q

Lactic Acid Buildup. What happens?

A

Pyruvate becomes lactic acid. NADH becomes NAD+

129
Q

Non-cyclic light-dependent photosynthesis

A

Light absorbed at PSII. 2 electrons in PSII excited and go to ETC. H+ protons go into thylakoid membrane and ATP is produced. Electrons go to PS1 and repeat process. When done, they reduce NADP+ to NADPH.

130
Q

Cyclic Light dependent photosynthesis

A

Instead of reducing NADP+ to NADPH, electrons go back to PSII once having gone through the ETC

131
Q

Where does Calvin Cycle occur?

A

Stroma (fluid filled space between membranes)

132
Q

Carboxylation (Calvin)

A

6 CO2 + 6RuBP = 12 PGA

133
Q

Reduction (calvin)

A

12 ATP + 12 NADPH makes 12 PGA into 12 PGAL

134
Q

Regeneration

A

Ten of twelve PGAL become 6 RUBP

135
Q

Carb synth (calivin)

A

remaining 2 PGAL become glucose

136
Q

C3 Plants

A

Photosynthesis efficiency reduced by 25%

137
Q

Glyoxysomes

A

Peroxisome equivalent in plants

138
Q

What structure in plant roots and kidney cells allows for faster osmosis?

A

Aquaporins

139
Q

Where is the ETC?

A

Inner membrane of mitochondria

DAT Biology (6 decks)

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