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DAT Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleotides consist of three things

A

Nitrogenous Base, Sugar, Phosphate

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2
Q

Bases of DNA

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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3
Q

Bases of RNA

A

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

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4
Q

Function of DNA

A

Contains genes

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5
Q

How is DNA different from RNA?

A

DNA is double stranded with deoxyribose sugar and the base Thymine instead of Uracil

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6
Q

Function of mRNA

A

Encode amino acid sequence

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7
Q

Start and Stop Codons

A

AUG (Methionine)

UAA, UGA, UAG

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8
Q

Function of tRNA

A

Delivers amino acids to ribosome. Contains anticodon

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9
Q

Sites of the ribosome

A

E P and A sites, in that order from left to right

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10
Q

Function of Helicase

A

Unwinds DNA double helix

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11
Q

Function of Single-Stranded Binding Proteins

A

Keep DNA Helix separated during replication

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12
Q

Function of topoisomerases

A

Prevent knots from forming due to DNA unwinding by breaking and rejoining the double helix

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13
Q

Function of DNA Polymerase

A

Synthesize new dna in 5 to 3 direction. Needs a primer. Exhibits proofreading ability

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14
Q

Function of primase

A

Creates RNA primers

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15
Q

Function of ligase

A

Joins okazaki fragments

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16
Q

Function of telomerase

A

Attaches to end of template strand and adds DNA nucleotides so telomeres do not shorten

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17
Q

Differences between eukaryotic and bacterial chromosomes

A

Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear. Some DNA is lost from the ends during replication

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18
Q

Transcription is performed by what enzymes?

A

RNA polymerases

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19
Q

Transcription: Initiation

A

TATA box of DNA is promoter. RNA polymerase binds to DNA helix and unwinds it

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20
Q

Transcription: Elongation

A

RNA polymerase assembles RNA nucleotides in 5 to 3 direction.

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21
Q

Transcription: Termination

A

RNA poly comes to terminating sequence (AAAAAA tail)

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22
Q

The template strand of DNA has the _____ sequence of bases as the mRNA

A

Opposite

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23
Q

Does RNA polymerase need a primer?

A

No. DNA polymerase does however

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24
Q

mRNA processing

A

5’ methylated guanine cap, Poly-A tail, splicing (introns are excised and exons are joined together)

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25
Q

Translation: Initiation

A

Ribosome attaches to mRNA. tRNA brings methionine

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26
Q

Translation: Elongation

A

tRNA’s bring more amino acids. Amino Acids enter at A site, then go through P site and exit at E site

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27
Q

Translocation

A

Movement of amino acid from A to P site

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28
Q

Translation: Termination

A

Stop codon reached. Ribosome lets mRNA go.

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29
Q

What are point mutations?

A

Single nucleotide errors

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30
Q

Types of point mutations

A

Insertions, Deletions, Substitution

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31
Q

What is a frameshift

A

When a point mutation changes the reading frame of the DNA

32
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Premature STOP codon

33
Q

Silent Mutation

A

Base is changed, but same amino acid is still encoded

34
Q

Missense mutation

A

Single nucleotide change that results in a changed amino acid

35
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Asexual reproduction used by bacteria. No genetic variation.

36
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Circular piece of DNA

37
Q

What are episomes?

A

Plasmids that can be found in bacterial chromosomes

38
Q

What is conjugation

A

Transfer of bacterial DNA through sex pillus

39
Q

What is transduction?

A

Transfer of bacterial DNA through viruses

40
Q

What is transformation?

A

DNA from surroundings is integrated by bacteria

41
Q

What kind of operon is the Lac Operon?

A

Negative Inducible

42
Q

What happens when lactose is ingested?

A

Lactose becomes allolactose and separates the repressor from the operator, allowing for translation

43
Q

What happens when there are high levels of glucose in the Lac Operon?

A

No cAMP is made and no transcription takes place

44
Q

What happens when there are high levels of trp?

A

Tryptophan binds to repressor, allowing it to bind to operator and stop transcription.

45
Q

What happens when there are low levels of tryptophan?

A

Repressor can’t bind to operator, and trp operon makes more tryptophan

46
Q

How does methylation affect transcription?

A

Decreases it

47
Q

How does acetylation affect transcription?

A

Increases it

48
Q

Histones

A

Proteins that DNA coils around

49
Q

Nucleosome

A

DNA-histone complex

50
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA mixed with proteins

51
Q

Euchromatin

A

Loosely packed chromatin

52
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Tightly packed chromatin

53
Q

What is a testcross?

A

Test individual with homozygous recessive individual to determine genotype

54
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Alleles separate during gamete formation

55
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

The inheritance of one set of alleles does not affect the inheritance of another set

56
Q

What is complete dominance?

A

One phenotype is completely dominant over another

57
Q

What is codominance?

A

Both phenotypes are equally expressed (roan cow)

58
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Phenotype is a blend of both genotypes

59
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

When one gene has multiple phenotypes

60
Q

What is epistasis?

A

When one gene masks the effect of another

61
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

When multiple genes contribute to a single phenotype

62
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis or mitosis

63
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes on the same chromosome

64
Q

Sex-linked inheritance

A

Genes located on the X chromosome. (Can be Y chromosomes as well)

65
Q

X-inactivation

A

X chromosomes inactivated by Barr bodies to regulate protein production

66
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

Altered number of chromosomes due to nondisjunction

67
Q

What is down’s syndrome?

A

Three chromosome 21’s

68
Q

What is turner’s syndrome?

A

Single X

69
Q

Chromosomal mutations

A

Duplications, Inversions, Translocations (segment of chromosome moves to another chromosome)

70
Q

Telomere Replication

A

Telomerase ensures that telomeres do not shorten during consecutive replication events

71
Q

Euchromatin

A

Chromatin that is loosely coiled and easily accessed by transcriptional factors

72
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Chromatin that is tightly coiled and not able to be accessed by transcriptional factors

73
Q

Transposons

A

Sequences of DNA that can be moved along the double helix

74
Q

Acetylation

A

Loosening of DNA wrapping around histones. Leads to increased transcription

75
Q

Methylation

A

Tightening of DNA wrapping around histones. Leads to decreased transcription

76
Q

Northern Blot

A

Used to detect specific RNA sequences in an RNA mixture

DAT Biology (6 decks)

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