Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DAT Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microevolution

A

Change in allele frequencies in populations over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Macroevolution

A

Major evolutionary change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Selects for common phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Directional Selection

A

Favours a trait at one extreme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Favours two extremes. Selects against common phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Preference of characteristics by one sex in individuals of the other sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Artificial selection

A

Selection by humans. Not natural. (dog breeding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sources of variation

A

Mutations, meiosis, diploidy, outbreeding, polymorphism (heterozygote advantage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Frequency dependent selection

A

Selects for the least common phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hybrid vigour

A

A heterozygous hybrid offspring is more advantageous than its homozygous parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gene flow

A

Due to the flow of individuals in and out of populations. Individuals can enter or leave populations, carrying alleles with them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Random changes in alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Founder Effect

A

A group migrates to a new place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

A population is suddenly decreased in size due to a natural disaster, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

HW Equation

A

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

HW Assumptions

A 
No evolution:
No natural selection
No mutation
No gene flow
No genetic drift
Random mating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

Evolution from a common ancestor. Results in homologous structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Two species exhibit similar traits despite sharing no common ancestor. Exhibit analogous structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Parallel Evolution

A

Two species diverge from a single common ancestor and then evolve in similar ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Coevolution

A

Both predator and prey evolve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Macroevolution: Phyletic Gradualism

A

Gradual small-changes : evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Macroevolution: Punctuated EQ

A

Long period of no evolution interspersed with short period of rapid evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Types of prezygotic reproductive barriers

A

Habitat, temporal, behavioural, mechanical, gametic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Types of post zygotic reproductive barriers

A 
Hybrid inviability (zygote doesn't properly develop)
Hybrid sterility (hybrid can't reproduce)
Hybrid breakdown (hybrid has reduced fertility)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

A geographic barrier results in the divergence of two species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Formation of new species without a geographic barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Types of Clades

A

Paraphyletic, Monophyletic, Polyphyletic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Polytomy

A

A branch on a cladistics tree that has three or more species coming off of it. Don’t have enough information to determine exact times of speciation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Ecology

A

Relation of organisms to each other and their surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of the same species living in the same area

31
Q

Community

A

Group of populations living in the same area

32
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community of interacting organisms and their environment

33
Q

Biosphere

A

Any region of the world with living organisms

34
Q

Habitat

A

Place where a certain organism usually lives

35
Q

Types of dispersion patterns

A

Clumped, uniform, random

36
Q

Population size

A

Number of individuals within population

37
Q

Population density

A

Number of individuals per unit of area or volume

38
Q

Age Structure

A

Describes the age of individuals of a population

39
Q

Survivorship Curve Types

A 
Type I (higher rate of death among old: ex humans)
Type II (constant mortality rate throughout the lifecycle of an organism. ex squirrels)
Type III (high mortality rate among young members of population)
40
Q

Biotic Potential

A

Max growth rate of a species under perfectly ideal conditions

41
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Max number of individuals of a population that can be supported by their habitat

42
Q

Density Dependent limiting factors

A

Act as population is large in size

43
Q

Density independent limiting factors

A

Act regardless of population size (example: natural disasters)

44
Q

Intrinsic Rate of Growth

A

Maximum growth rate of a population

45
Q

Exponential Growth

A

Occurs when there is more reproduction than mortality in a population

46
Q

Logistic Growth

A

Occurs when there is a carrying capacity (K) acting on a population

47
Q

Types of animal behaviour

A

Innate and Learned

48
Q

Innate animal behaviour

A

Molded by evolution. These behaviours increase the fitness of the animal.

49
Q

Learned animal behaviour

A

Behaviours acquired by experiences/environment

50
Q

Instinct

A

Inherited (genetic) behaviour. Example: in mammals, mother cares for children

51
Q

Fixed action pattern

A

Inherited behaviour by animals due to a sign stimulus

52
Q

Imprinted behaviour

A

A behaviour is “imprinted” on an animal during a specific phase in their lifetime, and in that phase ONLY (ex. salmon return to their birthplace to mate. their birthplace is thus imprinted on them at their birth)

53
Q

Associated Learning

A

when an animal learns that two or more events are connected/associated

54
Q

Classical conditioning

A

When an animal is conditioned to respond to substitute stimulus, as opposed to normal stimulus (see Nicole’s notes)

55
Q

Trial and Error (Operant Conditioning) learning

A

Animal connects its behaviour to a sort of response it receives

56
Q

Spatial Learning

A

An animal connects to a specific location

57
Q

Habituation

A

Learned behaviour that allows an animal to disregard meaningless stimuli

58
Q

Observational Learning

A

When an animal observes and copies another animal’s behaviour

59
Q

Insight

A

An animal learns a new behaviour that will have a positive outcome

60
Q

Types of animal movement

A

Kinesis, taxis, migration

61
Q

Kinesis

A

Undirected movement in response to a stimuli

62
Q

Taxis

A

Directed movement in response to a stimuli

63
Q

Migration

A

Long distance, seasonal movement by animals

64
Q

Types of animal communication

A

Chemical, audial, visual, tactile

65
Q

Chemical communication

A

Animals use pheromones to communicate chemically

66
Q

Releaser pheromones

A

Chemicals that cause immediate and specific changes in behaviour

67
Q

Primer pheromones

A

Cause physiological changes

68
Q

Foraging behaviours

A

Animals want to maximize feeding while using minimal energy to obtain food. They will pack together and associate certain colours with foods to achieve this.

69
Q

Agonistic behaviour

A

Aggression and hostile behaviours. Comes from competition for food.

70
Q

Dominance hierarchies

A

Hierarchies established within population limits competition for food and mates.

71
Q

Territoriality

A

Animals defend their territory

72
Q

Altruistic Behaviour

A

When animals risk their safety to protect other animals. Increases fitness of animal and their relatives.

73
Q

Kin selection

A

Favours reproductive success of an animals relative’s, even at cost to the animal’s own reproductive success and safety

DAT Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions