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DAT Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Microevolution

A

Change in allele frequencies in populations over time

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2
Q

Macroevolution

A

Major evolutionary change

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3
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Selects for common phenotype

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4
Q

Directional Selection

A

Favours a trait at one extreme

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5
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Favours two extremes. Selects against common phenotype

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6
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Preference of characteristics by one sex in individuals of the other sex

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7
Q

Artificial selection

A

Selection by humans. Not natural. (dog breeding)

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8
Q

Sources of variation

A

Mutations, meiosis, diploidy, outbreeding, polymorphism (heterozygote advantage)

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9
Q

Frequency dependent selection

A

Selects for the least common phenotype

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10
Q

Hybrid vigour

A

A heterozygous hybrid offspring is more advantageous than its homozygous parents

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11
Q

Gene flow

A

Due to the flow of individuals in and out of populations. Individuals can enter or leave populations, carrying alleles with them.

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12
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Random changes in alleles

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13
Q

Founder Effect

A

A group migrates to a new place.

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14
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

A population is suddenly decreased in size due to a natural disaster, etc.

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15
Q

HW Equation

A

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

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16
Q

HW Assumptions

A 
No evolution:
No natural selection
No mutation
No gene flow
No genetic drift
Random mating
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17
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

Evolution from a common ancestor. Results in homologous structures

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18
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Two species exhibit similar traits despite sharing no common ancestor. Exhibit analogous structures

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19
Q

Parallel Evolution

A

Two species diverge from a single common ancestor and then evolve in similar ways

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20
Q

Coevolution

A

Both predator and prey evolve

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21
Q

Macroevolution: Phyletic Gradualism

A

Gradual small-changes : evolution

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22
Q

Macroevolution: Punctuated EQ

A

Long period of no evolution interspersed with short period of rapid evolution

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23
Q

Types of prezygotic reproductive barriers

A

Habitat, temporal, behavioural, mechanical, gametic

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24
Q

Types of post zygotic reproductive barriers

A 
Hybrid inviability (zygote doesn't properly develop)
Hybrid sterility (hybrid can't reproduce)
Hybrid breakdown (hybrid has reduced fertility)
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25
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

A geographic barrier results in the divergence of two species

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26
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Formation of new species without a geographic barrier

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27
Q

Types of Clades

A

Paraphyletic, Monophyletic, Polyphyletic

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28
Q

Polytomy

A

A branch on a cladistics tree that has three or more species coming off of it. Don’t have enough information to determine exact times of speciation.

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29
Q

Ecology

A

Relation of organisms to each other and their surroundings

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30
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of the same species living in the same area

31
Q

Community

A

Group of populations living in the same area

32
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community of interacting organisms and their environment

33
Q

Biosphere

A

Any region of the world with living organisms

34
Q

Habitat

A

Place where a certain organism usually lives

35
Q

Types of dispersion patterns

A

Clumped, uniform, random

36
Q

Population size

A

Number of individuals within population

37
Q

Population density

A

Number of individuals per unit of area or volume

38
Q

Age Structure

A

Describes the age of individuals of a population

39
Q

Survivorship Curve Types

A 
Type I (higher rate of death among old: ex humans)
Type II (constant mortality rate throughout the lifecycle of an organism. ex squirrels)
Type III (high mortality rate among young members of population)
40
Q

Biotic Potential

A

Max growth rate of a species under perfectly ideal conditions

41
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Max number of individuals of a population that can be supported by their habitat

42
Q

Density Dependent limiting factors

A

Act as population is large in size

43
Q

Density independent limiting factors

A

Act regardless of population size (example: natural disasters)

44
Q

Intrinsic Rate of Growth

A

Maximum growth rate of a population

45
Q

Exponential Growth

A

Occurs when there is more reproduction than mortality in a population

46
Q

Logistic Growth

A

Occurs when there is a carrying capacity (K) acting on a population

47
Q

Types of animal behaviour

A

Innate and Learned

48
Q

Innate animal behaviour

A

Molded by evolution. These behaviours increase the fitness of the animal.

49
Q

Learned animal behaviour

A

Behaviours acquired by experiences/environment

50
Q

Instinct

A

Inherited (genetic) behaviour. Example: in mammals, mother cares for children

51
Q

Fixed action pattern

A

Inherited behaviour by animals due to a sign stimulus

52
Q

Imprinted behaviour

A

A behaviour is “imprinted” on an animal during a specific phase in their lifetime, and in that phase ONLY (ex. salmon return to their birthplace to mate. their birthplace is thus imprinted on them at their birth)

53
Q

Associated Learning

A

when an animal learns that two or more events are connected/associated

54
Q

Classical conditioning

A

When an animal is conditioned to respond to substitute stimulus, as opposed to normal stimulus (see Nicole’s notes)

55
Q

Trial and Error (Operant Conditioning) learning

A

Animal connects its behaviour to a sort of response it receives

56
Q

Spatial Learning

A

An animal connects to a specific location

57
Q

Habituation

A

Learned behaviour that allows an animal to disregard meaningless stimuli

58
Q

Observational Learning

A

When an animal observes and copies another animal’s behaviour

59
Q

Insight

A

An animal learns a new behaviour that will have a positive outcome

60
Q

Types of animal movement

A

Kinesis, taxis, migration

61
Q

Kinesis

A

Undirected movement in response to a stimuli

62
Q

Taxis

A

Directed movement in response to a stimuli

63
Q

Migration

A

Long distance, seasonal movement by animals

64
Q

Types of animal communication

A

Chemical, audial, visual, tactile

65
Q

Chemical communication

A

Animals use pheromones to communicate chemically

66
Q

Releaser pheromones

A

Chemicals that cause immediate and specific changes in behaviour

67
Q

Primer pheromones

A

Cause physiological changes

68
Q

Foraging behaviours

A

Animals want to maximize feeding while using minimal energy to obtain food. They will pack together and associate certain colours with foods to achieve this.

69
Q

Agonistic behaviour

A

Aggression and hostile behaviours. Comes from competition for food.

70
Q

Dominance hierarchies

A

Hierarchies established within population limits competition for food and mates.

71
Q

Territoriality

A

Animals defend their territory

72
Q

Altruistic Behaviour

A

When animals risk their safety to protect other animals. Increases fitness of animal and their relatives.

73
Q

Kin selection

A

Favours reproductive success of an animals relative’s, even at cost to the animal’s own reproductive success and safety

DAT Biology (6 decks)

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