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Origin of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Composition of Early Earth Atmosphere

A

No free O2. CO, CO2, H2O, HS, CH4, NH3

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2
Q

What type of environment was early earth?

A

Reducing Environment

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3
Q

Oparine-Haldine

A

Reducing environment of earth led to monomers

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4
Q

Miller Urey

A

Simulated early earth environment. Synthesized NH3, CH4, H2O, and H2

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5
Q

RNA World Hhypothesis

A

RNA first life form

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6
Q

Metabolism-First Hypothesis

A

Metabolic network first life form

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7
Q

Order of life’s beginning

A

Inorganic molecules, organic molecules, proteinoids, protocells

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8
Q

Heterotroph

A

Can’t make own food

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9
Q

Autotroph

A

Makes own food

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10
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Autotroph that released O2 as a byproduct, causing formation of ozone layer

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11
Q

Characteristics of Archae

A

Prokaryotic, branched hydrocarbon tails, packaged DNA, immune to antibiotics, cell walls made of polysaccharides

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12
Q

Methanogens

A

Archaea. Obligate anaerobes.

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13
Q

Extremophiles

A

Live in harsh conditions

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14
Q

Halophiles

A

Live in high salt concentrations

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15
Q

Thermophiles

A

Live in hot conditions

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16
Q

Characteristics of Bacteria

A

peptidoglycan cell wall. naked DNA.

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17
Q

Shapes of bacteria

A

Cocci (sphere) Bacilli (rods) spirilla (spirals)

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18
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

Lots of peptidoglycan in cell wall. Stains purple

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19
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

Little peptidoglycan. Stains pink

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20
Q

Groups of bacteria

A

Cyano, spirochetes, nitrogen fixing, Nitrifying bacteria

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21
Q

Plant-like protists

A

Euglenoids, diatoms, dinoflagellates, brown algae, rhodophyta, chlorophyta

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22
Q

Euglenoids

A

Flagella, pellicle that maintains cell shape, eyespot that allows for phototaxis, can become heterotrophic in absence of light

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23
Q

Dinflagellates

A

Two flagella, can be bioluminescent, contain neurotoxins

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24
Q

Diatoms

A

Unicellular, have hard silica shells

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25
Q

Brown algae

A

Seaweed

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26
Q

Rhodophyta

A

Contain red pigments

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27
Q

Chlorophyta

A

Green algae. Vary in sexuality

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28
Q

Animal-like Protists

A

Rhizopodia, Forams, apicomplexans, cellular slime molds, plasmodial slime molds, oomycetes

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29
Q

Rhizopodia

A

Single celled amoebas with pseudopodia

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30
Q

Forams

A

Have shells made of calcium carbonate

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31
Q

apicomplexans

A

apicoplast,

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32
Q

Ciliates

A

Cilia for movement

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33
Q

Plasmodial slime molds

A

Big mass

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34
Q

Cellular slime molds

A

Aggregate together stimulated by cAMP

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35
Q

Oomycetes

A

Have hyphae, no septa, coenycotic (multiple nuclei per cell)

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36
Q

What does cenocytic mean?

A

Multiple nuclei per cell. Due to lack of septa

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37
Q

Sexual Reproduction in Fungi

A

Haploid cells fuse in plasmogamy to become a dikaryon. Karyogamy undergoes to fuse the two haploid cells into a single diploid nuclei. Meiosis happens and then new haploid cells are produced.

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38
Q

Methods of asexual reproduction in fungi

A

Fragmentation, budding, spores

39
Q

Sporangiospores

A

Spores in capsules. End of sporangiophores.

40
Q

Conidia

A

Not in capsules at the end of conidiaphores

41
Q

Types of fungi

A

Zygomycota, basidiomycota, dueteromycota, glomermycota, lichens

42
Q

Zygomycota

A

Asexual via zygospores

43
Q

Deuteromycota

A

Penicillin

44
Q

Ascomycota

A

Sexual via ascospores

45
Q

Basidiomycota

A

Sexual via basidiospores

46
Q

Lichens

A

Relationship with trees

47
Q

Glomeromycota

A

Act in mycorrhizae, a beneficial relationship between fungi and plant roots

48
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Beneficial relationship between plant roots and fungi

49
Q

Porifera

A

No true tissue, acoelemate, asymmetrical, asexual

50
Q

What does parazoan mean?

A

No true tissues

51
Q

What does eumatozoan mean?

A

Has true tissues

52
Q

Cnidaria,

A

Eumatozoan, sexual and asexual, acoelemate

53
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Eumatozoan, triploblast (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) acoelem

54
Q

Nematoda

A

Bilateral, psuedocoelem,

55
Q

Rotifera

A

Triploblast, psuedocoelem

56
Q

Artropod

A

Exoskeleton, protosomes

57
Q

Chordata features

A

Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, gill slits, tail

58
Q

Echinodermate

A

Deuterosomes, coelem, radial

59
Q

Annelida

A

Protosome, coelem

60
Q

Invertebrates

A

No vertebrae

61
Q

Mammals secrete?

62
Q

Other vertebrates Secrete?

63
Q

Types of plant tissue

A

Ground, dermal, vascular

64
Q

Ground tissues

A

Sclerenchyma (thick mechanical support) collenchyma (thin mech support) parenchyma (thin photosyntehsis)

65
Q

Dermal tissues

A

Epidermal layer (secretes waxy cuticle) guard cells (surround stomata)

66
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves

67
Q

Phloem

A

Transports sugars from leaves to roots

68
Q

Parts of leaves

A

Upper epidermis, palisade mesophyl, vascular bundles, lower epidermis, spongy mesophyll

69
Q

Parts of root

A

Epidermis, cortex, endodermis, casparian fatty strip

70
Q

Parts of root

A

Epidermis, cortex, endodermis, casparian fatty strip, vascular cylinder

71
Q

Components of Pistil

A

Ovary (contains gametophytes) Style (connects ovary and stigma) Stigma (collects pollen)

72
Q

Parts of stamen

A

Anther (produces pollen) Filament (stalk of tissue connecting stamen to flower)

73
Q

Sepals

A

protects and encloses flower

74
Q

Petals

A

Attracts pollinators

75
Q

Receptacle

A

Connects flower to stem

76
Q

Angiosperm fertilization

A

Firstly, ovule forms embryo sac. Pollination occurs and pollen tube grows down the style to the ovule. Pollen tube enters embryo sac. One sperm fertilizes egg making diploid zygote. Other sperm fertilizes polar nuclei, making triploid nucleus that divides to form the nourishing endosperm.

77
Q

Other name for coniferophyta

A

Gymnosperms

78
Q

Coniferophyta seeds have one inner seed leaf, meaning they are?

79
Q

Bryophyta

80
Q

Lycophyta

A

Club mosses

81
Q

Coniferophyta

82
Q

Anthrophyta

A

Flowering plants

83
Q

Pterophyta

84
Q

Parenchyma

A

Ground tissue of plants where photosynthesis occurs

85
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

Ground tissue of plants that provides stiff support

86
Q

Collenchyma

A

Ground tissue of plants that provides flexible support

87
Q

Epidermal Tissue plants

A

Has waxy cuticle which prevents desiccation (drying out)

88
Q

Guard cells

A

Guard stomata in cell, prevent excessive water loss

89
Q

Function of seed coat

A

Prevents embryo from drying out

90
Q

What does epicotyl of seed become?

91
Q

What does hypocotyl become?

A

Young shoot

92
Q

What does radicle become?

93
Q

Coleoptile

A

Surrounds and protects epicotyl

94
Q

Plumule

A

Young leaves attached to epicotyl

DAT Biology (6 decks)

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