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Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

Consists of the skeletal system (bones and joints) and the skeletal muscle system (voluntary or striated muscle). Working together, these two systems protect the internal organs, maintain posture, produce blood cells, store minerals and enable the body to move

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2
Q

Skeletal System

A

Consists of the bones and joints

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3
Q

Skeletal Muscle System

A

Voluntary or striated muscle

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4
Q

Skeleton

A

The bones or shell of an animal that support and protect it as well as allowing movement

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5
Q

Bones

A

The pieces of hard tissue that make up the skeleton of a vertebrate

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6
Q

Bone Marrow

A

A substance inside bones in which blood cells are made

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7
Q

Cartilage

A

A waxy, whitish, flexible substance that lines or connects bone joints or, in some animals such as sharks, replaces bone as the supporting skeletal tissue. The ears and tips of noses of people are shaped by cartilage.

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8
Q

Calcium

A

An element occurring in limestone, chalk, also present in vertebrates and other animals as a component of bone, shell etc. It is necessary for nerve conduction, heartbeat, muscle contraction and many other physiological functions.

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9
Q

Phosphorus

A

A substance that plays an important role in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Together with calcium, it is required by the body to maintain healthy bones and teeth.

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10
Q

Minerals

A

Any of the inorganic elements that are essential to the functioning of the human body and are obtained from foods

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11
Q

Ossification

A

Hardening of bones

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12
Q

Brittle

A

Breaks easily into many pieces

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13
Q

Ligaments

A

Band of tough tissue that connects the ends of bones or keeps an organ in place

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14
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

The liquid inside the cavity surrounding a joint that helps bones to slide freely over each other

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15
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Joint that allows a twisting movement

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16
Q

Hinge Joints

A

Joints in which two bones are connected so that movement occurs in one plane only

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17
Q

Ball and Socket Joints

A

Joints where the rounded end of one bone fits into the hollow end of another

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18
Q

Immovable Joints

A

Joints that allow no movement except when absorbing a hard blow

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19
Q

Muscles

A

Tissue consisting of cells that can shorten

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20
Q

Involuntary Muscles

A

Muscles not under the control of the will; they contract slowly and rhythmically. These muscles are at work in the heart, intestines and lungs.

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21
Q

Voluntary Muscles

A

Muscle attached to bones; it moves the bones by contracting and is controlled by an animal’s thoughts

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22
Q

Tendons

A

Tough rope-like tissue connecting a muscle to a bone

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23
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

A break that is not completely through the bone, often seen in children

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24
Q

Fracture

A

A break in a bone

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25
Q

Stem Cells

A

Undeveloped cells found in blood and bone marrow

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26
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of bone mass that causes bones to become lighter, more fragile and easily broken

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27
Q

Arthritis

A

A condition in which inflammation of the joints causes them to swell and become painful

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28
Q

Tennis Elbow

A

An injury due to strain or overuse that causes the elbow’s lining to become inflamed and painful

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29
Q

Torn Hamstrings

A

A common sporting injury caused by overstretching the hamstring muscle, which joins the pelvis to the knee joint

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30
Q

Sprains

A

Injury caused by tearing a ligament

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31
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

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32
Q

Leucocytes

A

White blood cells

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33
Q

Plasma

A

The yellowish, liquid part of blood that contains water, minerals, food and wastes from cells

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34
Q

Red blood cells

A

Living cells in the blood that transport oxygen to all other living cells in the body

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35
Q

Haemoglobin

A

The red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen

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36
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin

A

Haemoglobin with oxygen molecules attached

37
Q

White blood cells

A

Living cells that fight bacteria and viruses as part of the human body’s immune system

38
Q

Platelets

A

Small bodies involved in blood clotting. They are responsible for healing by clumping together around a wound.

39
Q

Circulatory system

A

The body system that circulates oxygen in blood to all the cells of the body. The circulatory system consists of the heart, the blood vessels and blood.

40
Q

Arteries

A

Hollow tubes (vessels) with thick walls carrying blood pumped from the heart to other body parts

41
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. They have valves and thinner walls than arteries.

42
Q

Capillaries

A

Minute tubes carrying blood to body cells. Every cell of the body is supplied with blood through capillaries.

43
Q

Oxygenated blood

A

Describes the bright red blood that has been supplied with oxygen in the lungs

44
Q

Deoxygenated blood

A

Describes blood from which some oxygen has been removed

45
Q

Vena cava

A

Large vein leading into the top right chamber of the heart

46
Q

Left atrium

A

Upper left section of the heart where oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the heart

47
Q

Right atrium

A

Upper right section of the heart where deoxygenated blood from the body enters

48
Q

Left ventricle

A

Lower left section of the heart, which pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body

49
Q

Right ventricle

A

Lower right section of the heart, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

50
Q

Valves

A

Flap-like folds in the lining of a blood vessel or other hollow organ that allow a liquid, such as blood, to flow in one direction only

51
Q

‘lub dub’

A

The sound made by the heart valves as they close

52
Q

Blood pressure

A

Measures how strongly the blood is pumped through the body’s main arteries

53
Q

Systolic pressure

A

The higher blood pressure reading during contraction of the heart muscles

54
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

The lower blood pressure reading during relaxation of the heart muscles

55
Q

Heartbeat

A

Contraction of the heart muscle occurring about 60–100 times per minute

56
Q

Pulse

A

Alternating contraction and expansion of arteries due to the pumping of blood by the heart

57
Q

Pacemaker

A

Electronic device inserted in the chest to keep the heart beating regularly at the correct rate. It works by stimulating the heart with tiny electrical impulses

58
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Special kind of muscle in the heart that never tires. It is involved in pumping blood through the heart.

59
Q

Oxeygen

A

A gas in the air (and water) that animals need to breathe in; made up of particles with two oxygen atoms. Plants produce oxygen as part of photosynthesis.

60
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

61
Q

Glucose

A

A simple carbohydrate and the simplest form of sugar

62
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

A gas in the air produced by respiration and used by plants as part of photosynthesis. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.

63
Q

Epiglottis

A

Leaf-like flap of cartilage behind the tongue that closes the air passage during swallowing

64
Q

Respiratory System

A

The body system involving the lungs and associated structures, which take in air and supply the blood with oxygen to deliver to the body’s cells so they can carry out their essential functions; it also performs gas exchange to remove the waste gas carbon dioxide

65
Q

Trachea

A

Narrow tube from the mouth to the lungs through which air moves

66
Q

Lungs

A

The organ for breathing air. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

67
Q

Bronchi

A

The narrow tubes through which air passes from the trachea to the smaller bronchioles and alveoli in the respiratory system. Singular = bronchus.

68
Q

Bronchioles

A

Small branching tubes in the lungs leading from the two larger bronchi to the alveoli

69
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs in the lungs at the ends of the narrowest tubes. Oxygen moves from alveoli into the surrounding blood vessels, in exchange for carbon dioxide.

70
Q

Pulmonary Vein

A

The vessel through which oxygenated blood travels from your lungs to the heart

71
Q

Aorta

A

A large artery through which oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the left ventricle of the heart to the body

72
Q

Arterioles

A

Vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capillaries

73
Q

Diaphragm

A

Flexible, dome-shaped, muscular layer separating the chest and the abdomen. It is involved in breathing.

74
Q

Vital Capacity

A

The largest volume of air that can be breathed in or out at one time

75
Q

Breathing

A

Movement of muscles in the chest causing air to enter the lungs and the altered air in the lungs to leave. The air entering the lungs contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than the air leaving the lungs.

76
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of wastes from the body

77
Q

Skin

A

External covering of an animal body

78
Q

Lungs

A

The organ for breathing air. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

79
Q

Liver

A

Largest gland in the body. The liver secretes bile for digestion of fats, builds proteins from amino acids, breaks down many substances harmful to the body and has many other essential functions.

80
Q

Kidneys

A

Body organs that filter the blood, removing urea and other wastes

81
Q

Nephrons

A

The filtration and excretory units of the kidney

82
Q

Ureters

A

Tubes from each kidney that carry urine to the bladder

83
Q

Bladder

A

Sac that stores urine

84
Q

Urine

A

Yellowish liquid, produced in the kidneys. It is mostly water and contains waste products from the blood such as urea, ammonia and uric acid.

85
Q

Urination

A

Passing of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

86
Q

Urethra

A

Tube through which urine is emptied from the bladder to the outside of the body

87
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

A cup-like structure at one end of a nephron within the kidney, surrounding the glomerulus. It serves as a filter to remove wastes and excess water.

88
Q

Glomerulus

A

A cluster of capillaries in the kidney that acts as a filter to remove wastes and excess water

89
Q

Haemodialysis

A

The process of passing blood through a machine to remove wastes

Science (8 decks)

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