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z:2017 - Biosci107 1/2 > Systems > Flashcards

Systems Flashcards

1
Q

How many different systems are there in the human body? What are they?

A

11: Integumentary, Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous, Endocrine, Lymphatic + immune, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive

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2
Q

How many different structural levels are there in the human body? What are they?

A

6: Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism

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3
Q

What are the components of the chemical level? What is its purpose?

A

Atoms and Molecules (e.g. DNA), they are the building blocks of the organism

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4
Q

What is the component of the Cellular level? Give an example. What is its purpose and how is the Chemical level used in this structure?

A

Cells (e.g. muscle cell, brain cells etc.)

Basic structural/functional units of the body, they are made of many molecules

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5
Q

What is the component of the Tissue level? Give an example. How is the Cellular level used in this structure?

A

Tissue (e.g. smooth muscle, striated muscle, epidermis etc.)

It is a large group of cells

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6
Q

What is the component of the Organ level? What is its purpose and how is the Tissue level used in this structure?

A

Organs (e.g. heart, brain, stomach etc.)

It is a structure of specific function and is made of many tissue materials

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7
Q

What is the component of the System level? How is the Organ level used in this structure?

A 
Multiple organs (e.g. digestive system = stomach, small intestine, liver etc.)
Multiple organs work in unison to achieve a common purpose
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8
Q

What is the component of the Organism level? What is its purpose and how is the System level used in this structure?

A

All the systems (e.g. digestive, cardiovascular, neural etc.)
All the systems work together in unison in order for the human body to function, the systems make up the human body

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9
Q

What is apart of the integumentary system? What are its principle functions?

A

The skin, nails, sweat follicles

To protect the body from the environment (e.g. damage, UV rays…), maintain the body temperature and produce vitamin D

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10
Q

What are the components that make up the skin? What are their functions?

A

Epidermis: The outer layer of the skin protecting the deeper tissue below and is site of Vit. D synthesis
Dermis: Feeds epidermis, provides strength and layer of the sweat glands
Hypodermis: Fat stores and attaches skin to deeper layers (e.g. organs, bones)

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11
Q

What is the purpose of nails?

A

To stiffen and protect the digits

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12
Q

What is the main purpose of sweat follicles?

A

To maintain body temperature

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13
Q

What is apart of the muscular system? What are its principle functions?

A

Skeletal muscles, Axial muscles, Appendicular muscles and Tendons
Provide support and movement to the skeletal system, protect soft tissue, controls the entrance and exits of digestion, controls urinary system and produces heat

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14
Q

What do skeletal muscles do in particular?

A

Produce heat, support skeleton, protect soft tissue

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15
Q

What do axial muscles do in particular?

A

Provide support and position of the axial skeleton

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16
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The bones of the head, spine and trunk

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17
Q

What do appendicular muscles do in particular?

A

Support and move the brace limbs (e.g. arms and legs)

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18
Q

What do tendons do in particular?

A

Translate contractile forces into task by attaching muscles onto bone

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19
Q

What is apart of the skeletal system? What are its principle functions?

A

Cartilage, Axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton and bone marrow
Protects and supports soft tissue, supports body weight, produces red blood cells and stores fat cells

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20
Q

Where is cartilage found in the skeletal system?

A

On all the bone interfaces

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the axial skeleton?

A

Protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs, soft tissues of the thorax (e.g. lungs, heart) and supports body weight of lower limbs

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Provides internal support and positioning of external limbs and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton

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23
Q

What are the types of bone marrow? What are their functions? Where are they found? How does age affect the amount in the body?

A

Red bone marrow: produces red blood cells, found in flat bone (bones involved in protections of muscle attachment [e.g. rib cage, pelvis, skull]), lose during raging
Yellow bone marrow: stores fat cells and stores mineral, found in medullary cavity of long bones (e.g. femur), increases with age

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24
Q

What is apart of the nervous system? What are its principle functions?

A

Central nervous system, brain, spinal cord, special senses, peripheral nervous system
Produces nerve impulses to regulate body activities

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25
Q

What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

What does the brain do?

A

Controls complex integrative actives and controls voluntary and involuntary actions

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27
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

Relays information to and from the brain and does basic integrative activities

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28
Q

What are the special senses?

A

Sight, hearing, smell, taste, equilibrium

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29
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system? What does it do?

A

The nervous system outside the CNS (e.g. limbs, trunk)

Links the CNS with the other systems and sense organs

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30
Q

What is apart of the Endocrine system? What are its principle functions?

A

Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Thymus, Adrenal gland, Kindeys, Pancreas, Gonads
Releases hormone to regulate body activities

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31
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Biological and circadian rhythm control (e.g. reproduction and day/night timing)

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32
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Control many other endocrine glands, regulates growth and fluid balance

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33
Q

What happens when the pituitary gland doesn’t regulate growth properly?

A

Over secretion of growth hormones leading to Acromegaly (hands, feet, face enlargement) or Gigantism (height) –> where individual grows uncontrollably

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34
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

Control metabolic rate and calcium levels

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35
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid gland

A

Control calcium levels

36
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Maturing of the lymphatic system

37
Q

What is the function of the adrenal glands?

A

Controls water balance, metabolism and cardio + respiratory function

38
Q

What is the function of the kidneys apart of the endocrine system?

A

Produces red blood cells, maintains blood pressure and calcium levels

39
Q

What is the function of the pancreas apart of the endocrine system?

A

Glucose control

40
Q

What is the function of the gonads?

A

Control sexual characteristics and reproduction

41
Q

What is apart of the Lymphatic and immune system? What are its principle functions?

A

Lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen and thymus

Protects body from infections, transport of lipids, proteins and lymphoid cells

42
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic vessels?

A

Carry lymph fluid from the tissue back to the junction of the jugular and subclavian veins and transports proteins and fats from the digestive system into the blood stream

43
Q

What is in lymph fluid? What happens if it is not collected? Where are they found?

A

The fluid that wasn’t absorbed by the capillaries and cells
Fluid accumulates around the point of no lymphatic vessels
Found throughout the body intwined between the blood vessels EXCEPT in avascular tissue (e.g. cornea), CNS and bone marrow

44
Q

What do lymph nodes do? Where are they found?

A

Monitor the composition of the lymphatic vessels and stimulate/engage immune responses
Found all over the body

45
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Acts like a large lymph node + recycles red blood cells

46
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Maturing of the lymphatic system

47
Q

What is apart of the Cardiovascular system? What are its principle functions?

A

Heart, Blood vessels and Blood

Transport of O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, regulation of water content and body temp

48
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

Propel blood and maintains blood pressure

49
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels? What do they do?

A

Arteries: from heart to capillaries
Capillaries: Diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids
Veins: From capillaries back to hearts

50
Q

What does blood transport and do?

A

Transports: O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, immunes cells and waste
It regulates temperature and provides an acid base balance (e.g. buffer)

51
Q

What is apart of the Respiratory system? What are its principle functions?

A

Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs

Transfer of O2 and CO@ between blood and air

52
Q

What does the nasal cavity do?

A

Filter air, warms and humidifies it before going into body and detects smell

53
Q

What does the pharynx do?

A

It is a pipe going into the larynx

54
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

Protects the opening to the trachea and contains the vocal cords

55
Q

What does the trachea do? What is in it to help keep it open?

A

Filters air

Cartilage

56
Q

What does the bronchi do?

A

It is a pipe going from the trachea into the lungs

57
Q

What do the lungs do?

A

Site of gas exchange

58
Q

What is apart of the Digestive system? What are its principle functions?

A

Oral cavity, Salivary glands, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Liever, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Large intestine
Digestion of food, absorption of nutrients and elimination of solid waste

59
Q

What does the oral cavity do?

A

Breaks up food using teeth and tongue

60
Q

What does the salivary glads do?

A

Produces saliva which lubricates food and is the first site of digestion

61
Q

What does the Pharynx and oesophagus do?

A

Pharynx connects from oral cavity to oesophagus which connects to stomach = pipe

62
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Secretes enzymes and acid for food digestion and produces hormones

63
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

Secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients, produces buffers and hormones

64
Q

What does the Liver do?

A

Secretes bile and regulates nutrients in blood

65
Q

What does the Gallbladder do?

A

Receives bile from the liver and secretes it in more concentrated form

66
Q

What does the pancreas do apart of the digestive system?

A

Produces digestive enzymes and buffers

67
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Water absorption and waste storage/removal

68
Q

What is apart of the Urinary system? What are its principle functions?

A

Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder and Urethra

Produces, stores and removes urine, regulates blood volume + pressure

69
Q

What is the purpose of the Kidneys apart of the urinary system?

A

Form+concentrate urine, regulates pH, ions, blood volume + pressure

70
Q

What is the purpose of the ureters

A

Pipe for urine transport ot bladder

71
Q

What is the purpose of the bladder

A

Store urine before removal

72
Q

What is the purpose of the Urethra apart of the urinary system?

A

Conducts urine to exterior

73
Q

What is EPO? Where is it produced? What does it do?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced by kidneys which stimulates red cell production (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow

74
Q

What is apart of the male Reproductive system? What are its principle functions?

A

Testes, Accessory organs (epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland, urethra), Penis, scrotum
Production of sperm and hormones

75
Q

What is the purpose of the Testes

A

Produces sperm and hormones

76
Q

What is the purpose of the epididymis?

A

Sperm maturation

77
Q

What is the purpose of the ductus deferens?

A

transports sperm to epididymis

78
Q

What is the purpose of the seminal glands?

A

produces seminal fluid

79
Q

What is the purpose of the prostate gland?

A

Produces seminal fluid

80
Q

What is the purpose of the urethra apart of the reproductive system?

A

Transports sperm to exterior

81
Q

What is the purpose of the scrotum?

A

Regulates the temperature of the testes

82
Q

What is apart of the female Reproductive system? What are its principle functions?

A

Ovaries, Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

Production/storage of eggs and hormones and embryonic development

83
Q

What is the purpose of the ovaries?

A

Store oocytes (eggs in ovaries) and produces hormones

84
Q

What is the purpose of the uterine tubes?

A

Transports oocytes out of ovaries and is location of fertilisation

85
Q

What is the purpose of the uterus?

A

Site of embryonic development

86
Q

What is the purpose of the Vagina?

A

Lubrication, sperm reception and birth canal

87
Q

What is the purpose of the mammary glands?

A

Nutrition for new-born child

z:2017 - Biosci107 1/2 (18 decks)

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