Systems Flashcards
How many different systems are there in the human body? What are they?
11: Integumentary, Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous, Endocrine, Lymphatic + immune, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive
How many different structural levels are there in the human body? What are they?
6: Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism
What are the components of the chemical level? What is its purpose?
Atoms and Molecules (e.g. DNA), they are the building blocks of the organism
What is the component of the Cellular level? Give an example. What is its purpose and how is the Chemical level used in this structure?
Cells (e.g. muscle cell, brain cells etc.)
Basic structural/functional units of the body, they are made of many molecules
What is the component of the Tissue level? Give an example. How is the Cellular level used in this structure?
Tissue (e.g. smooth muscle, striated muscle, epidermis etc.)
It is a large group of cells
What is the component of the Organ level? What is its purpose and how is the Tissue level used in this structure?
Organs (e.g. heart, brain, stomach etc.)
It is a structure of specific function and is made of many tissue materials
What is the component of the System level? How is the Organ level used in this structure?
Multiple organs (e.g. digestive system = stomach, small intestine, liver etc.) Multiple organs work in unison to achieve a common purpose
What is the component of the Organism level? What is its purpose and how is the System level used in this structure?
All the systems (e.g. digestive, cardiovascular, neural etc.)
All the systems work together in unison in order for the human body to function, the systems make up the human body
What is apart of the integumentary system? What are its principle functions?
The skin, nails, sweat follicles
To protect the body from the environment (e.g. damage, UV rays…), maintain the body temperature and produce vitamin D
What are the components that make up the skin? What are their functions?
Epidermis: The outer layer of the skin protecting the deeper tissue below and is site of Vit. D synthesis
Dermis: Feeds epidermis, provides strength and layer of the sweat glands
Hypodermis: Fat stores and attaches skin to deeper layers (e.g. organs, bones)
What is the purpose of nails?
To stiffen and protect the digits
What is the main purpose of sweat follicles?
To maintain body temperature
What is apart of the muscular system? What are its principle functions?
Skeletal muscles, Axial muscles, Appendicular muscles and Tendons
Provide support and movement to the skeletal system, protect soft tissue, controls the entrance and exits of digestion, controls urinary system and produces heat
What do skeletal muscles do in particular?
Produce heat, support skeleton, protect soft tissue
What do axial muscles do in particular?
Provide support and position of the axial skeleton
What is the axial skeleton?
The bones of the head, spine and trunk
What do appendicular muscles do in particular?
Support and move the brace limbs (e.g. arms and legs)
What do tendons do in particular?
Translate contractile forces into task by attaching muscles onto bone
What is apart of the skeletal system? What are its principle functions?
Cartilage, Axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton and bone marrow
Protects and supports soft tissue, supports body weight, produces red blood cells and stores fat cells
Where is cartilage found in the skeletal system?
On all the bone interfaces
What is the purpose of the axial skeleton?
Protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs, soft tissues of the thorax (e.g. lungs, heart) and supports body weight of lower limbs
What is the purpose of the appendicular skeleton?
Provides internal support and positioning of external limbs and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton
What are the types of bone marrow? What are their functions? Where are they found? How does age affect the amount in the body?
Red bone marrow: produces red blood cells, found in flat bone (bones involved in protections of muscle attachment [e.g. rib cage, pelvis, skull]), lose during raging
Yellow bone marrow: stores fat cells and stores mineral, found in medullary cavity of long bones (e.g. femur), increases with age
What is apart of the nervous system? What are its principle functions?
Central nervous system, brain, spinal cord, special senses, peripheral nervous system
Produces nerve impulses to regulate body activities
What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)?
The brain and spinal cord
What does the brain do?
Controls complex integrative actives and controls voluntary and involuntary actions
What does the spinal cord do?
Relays information to and from the brain and does basic integrative activities
What are the special senses?
Sight, hearing, smell, taste, equilibrium
What is the peripheral nervous system? What does it do?
The nervous system outside the CNS (e.g. limbs, trunk)
Links the CNS with the other systems and sense organs
What is apart of the Endocrine system? What are its principle functions?
Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Thymus, Adrenal gland, Kindeys, Pancreas, Gonads
Releases hormone to regulate body activities
What is the function of the pineal gland?
Biological and circadian rhythm control (e.g. reproduction and day/night timing)
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
Control many other endocrine glands, regulates growth and fluid balance
What happens when the pituitary gland doesn’t regulate growth properly?
Over secretion of growth hormones leading to Acromegaly (hands, feet, face enlargement) or Gigantism (height) –> where individual grows uncontrollably
What is the function of the thyroid gland?
Control metabolic rate and calcium levels
What is the function of the parathyroid gland
Control calcium levels
What is the function of the thymus?
Maturing of the lymphatic system
What is the function of the adrenal glands?
Controls water balance, metabolism and cardio + respiratory function
What is the function of the kidneys apart of the endocrine system?
Produces red blood cells, maintains blood pressure and calcium levels
What is the function of the pancreas apart of the endocrine system?
Glucose control
What is the function of the gonads?
Control sexual characteristics and reproduction
What is apart of the Lymphatic and immune system? What are its principle functions?
Lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen and thymus
Protects body from infections, transport of lipids, proteins and lymphoid cells
What is the function of the lymphatic vessels?
Carry lymph fluid from the tissue back to the junction of the jugular and subclavian veins and transports proteins and fats from the digestive system into the blood stream
What is in lymph fluid? What happens if it is not collected? Where are they found?
The fluid that wasn’t absorbed by the capillaries and cells
Fluid accumulates around the point of no lymphatic vessels
Found throughout the body intwined between the blood vessels EXCEPT in avascular tissue (e.g. cornea), CNS and bone marrow
What do lymph nodes do? Where are they found?
Monitor the composition of the lymphatic vessels and stimulate/engage immune responses
Found all over the body
What is the function of the spleen?
Acts like a large lymph node + recycles red blood cells
What is the function of the thymus?
Maturing of the lymphatic system
What is apart of the Cardiovascular system? What are its principle functions?
Heart, Blood vessels and Blood
Transport of O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, regulation of water content and body temp
What is the function of the heart?
Propel blood and maintains blood pressure
What are the three types of blood vessels? What do they do?
Arteries: from heart to capillaries
Capillaries: Diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids
Veins: From capillaries back to hearts
What does blood transport and do?
Transports: O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, immunes cells and waste
It regulates temperature and provides an acid base balance (e.g. buffer)
What is apart of the Respiratory system? What are its principle functions?
Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs
Transfer of O2 and CO@ between blood and air
What does the nasal cavity do?
Filter air, warms and humidifies it before going into body and detects smell
What does the pharynx do?
It is a pipe going into the larynx
What does the larynx do?
Protects the opening to the trachea and contains the vocal cords
What does the trachea do? What is in it to help keep it open?
Filters air
Cartilage
What does the bronchi do?
It is a pipe going from the trachea into the lungs
What do the lungs do?
Site of gas exchange
What is apart of the Digestive system? What are its principle functions?
Oral cavity, Salivary glands, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Liever, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Large intestine
Digestion of food, absorption of nutrients and elimination of solid waste
What does the oral cavity do?
Breaks up food using teeth and tongue
What does the salivary glads do?
Produces saliva which lubricates food and is the first site of digestion
What does the Pharynx and oesophagus do?
Pharynx connects from oral cavity to oesophagus which connects to stomach = pipe
What does the stomach do?
Secretes enzymes and acid for food digestion and produces hormones
What does the small intestine do?
Secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients, produces buffers and hormones
What does the Liver do?
Secretes bile and regulates nutrients in blood
What does the Gallbladder do?
Receives bile from the liver and secretes it in more concentrated form
What does the pancreas do apart of the digestive system?
Produces digestive enzymes and buffers
What does the large intestine do?
Water absorption and waste storage/removal
What is apart of the Urinary system? What are its principle functions?
Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder and Urethra
Produces, stores and removes urine, regulates blood volume + pressure
What is the purpose of the Kidneys apart of the urinary system?
Form+concentrate urine, regulates pH, ions, blood volume + pressure
What is the purpose of the ureters
Pipe for urine transport ot bladder
What is the purpose of the bladder
Store urine before removal
What is the purpose of the Urethra apart of the urinary system?
Conducts urine to exterior
What is EPO? Where is it produced? What does it do?
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced by kidneys which stimulates red cell production (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow
What is apart of the male Reproductive system? What are its principle functions?
Testes, Accessory organs (epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland, urethra), Penis, scrotum
Production of sperm and hormones
What is the purpose of the Testes
Produces sperm and hormones
What is the purpose of the epididymis?
Sperm maturation
What is the purpose of the ductus deferens?
transports sperm to epididymis
What is the purpose of the seminal glands?
produces seminal fluid
What is the purpose of the prostate gland?
Produces seminal fluid
What is the purpose of the urethra apart of the reproductive system?
Transports sperm to exterior
What is the purpose of the scrotum?
Regulates the temperature of the testes
What is apart of the female Reproductive system? What are its principle functions?
Ovaries, Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
Production/storage of eggs and hormones and embryonic development
What is the purpose of the ovaries?
Store oocytes (eggs in ovaries) and produces hormones
What is the purpose of the uterine tubes?
Transports oocytes out of ovaries and is location of fertilisation
What is the purpose of the uterus?
Site of embryonic development
What is the purpose of the Vagina?
Lubrication, sperm reception and birth canal
What is the purpose of the mammary glands?
Nutrition for new-born child
