Exam questions Flashcards
The protein ras is a ______ that signals via a(n) ______ to ______ the cell cycle
G protein, receptor tyrosine kinase, stimulate
What is the extracellular matrix of blood?
Plasma
What tissue types is basement membrane made of?
Endothelium and Connective
Which of the following is NOT representative of connective tissue cells? Why not the other options? 1 - adipocytes and fibroblasts 2 - leukocytes and erythrocytes 3 - adipocytes and mast cells 4 - smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts
4 - smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts
1, both are found imbedded within CT
2, make up blood with is fluid CT
3, adipocytes = CT loose, mast = component of blood
4, fibroblasts = CT…. BUT smooth muscle is a tissue type
What are the cis and trans faces on the golgi complex? What happens to the proteins it modifies?
Cis = receiving face of golgi body
Trans = secretes the materials into vesicles
Vesicles fuse with the cell membrane for release from the cell
What are the two processes which the neural tube can form?
Primary and secondary neurulation
What does apoptosis and autolysis do? How do they each happen? When would they each happen?
autolysis, the internal membranes of the cell break down and the lysosome releases digestive enzyme causing the cell to “eats itself” from the inside. It generally happens in unhealthy tissue from injury, infection, etc.
apoptosis, a tightly controlled pathway gets turned on, causing a specific chain of events that result in the death of the cell. The cell breaks itself down to be recycled by phagocytic cells. Apoptosis goes on in your body all the time, and is part of the normal activity of many healthy tissues.
How does signal transduction protect a pathway?
It has redundancy so that if one part of the reaction is inactivated other parts can still operate and produce the final protein
When is the mitotic phase active during the MPF promoting phase?
At the transition between 2 and 3
Is the 5’ end up or downstream on DNA?
Upstream
What kind of bonds hold secondary structures together?
Hydrogen bonds
How do cancer cell disturb normal cell function?
Undertaking mitosis more often so there is less time for their biochemical activities to maintain organ function
How are the amino acids held together?
In peptide bonds
What is p53? What does it do in transcription?
It is a transcription factor allowing RNA polymerase 2 to initiate transcription
What do proto-oncogene’s do? What can they develop into and cause? How does this occur?
code for proteins that help to regulate cell growth and differentiation
Can develop into oncogenes which make cells cancerous
Mutations
What do signal recognition particles do? Where do they operate?
Ensure proteins are trafficked into the cisterns of the golgi complex, direct ribosomes to receptor protein on ER
Operate in cytosol
What is the difference between amino acyl tRNA and peptidyl tRNA?
amino acyl tRNa is a tRNA attatched to one amino acid while peptidyl tRNA is a tRNA attatched to growing peptide chain
What kind of reaction is the krebs cycle? What does it need to do this?
Aerobic, O2
What does the somite differentiate to closest to the notochord? What does this develop into as the embryo develops?
Sclerotome, gives rise to vertebrate
What is the difference between the coelom and the extra-embryonic coelom?
Coelom is formed by the lateral plate mesoderm forming a cavity
Extra-embryonic coelom is formed by cavitation of the extra-embryonic mesoderm (formed from the junction of epiblast and hypoblast FYI)
What tissues contribute to the umbilical cord forming?
Mesodermic stalk and the allantois
Where are bones in the embryo derived from? What bone types do these tissue develop into?
The sclerotome (vertebrate), partial lateral mesoderm (bones in the limb) and neural crest (bones of mastication)
How is the allantois formed?
Come from the edge o the hind gut and yolk sac that is evaginated (turned inside out)
How are tRNA differentiated from each other?
The type of amino acid it carries
What does extra-embryonic mesoderm form from?
Hypoblasts
