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z:2017 - Biosci107 1/2 > Cell structure and function > Flashcards

Cell structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

A highly organised compartment bounded by a plasma membrane that contains concentrated chemicals in an aqueous solution

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2
Q

What does cell theory state?

A

That all organisms are made of cells and all cells come from preexisting cells

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3
Q

Who and when was the microscope invented?

A

Robert Hooke in 1665

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4
Q

Who was the first person to view an animal cell?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The sequence of bases in the DNA

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6
Q

What is the phenotype?

A

It is the produce of the proteins produced from the DNA

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7
Q

What are the universal similarities between cells?

A
  • DNA is the heritable material (there is only 1 copy), RNA is the messenger and the product is the proteins
  • Relationship between DNA, RNA and proteins (proteins formed from RNA, formed from DNA)
  • Major cellular organelles
  • ATP is the energy source
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8
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

The material within a living cell excluding the cell nucleus within the plasma membrane

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9
Q

What is the cytoplasm made of?

A

Cytosol (aqueous of the cytoplasm of a cell) and the organelles and many small molecules, proteins and nuclei acids

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10
Q

What is plasma membrane?

A

Double layer of phospholipids with imbedded proteins

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11
Q

What is the phospholipid bi-layer made of?

A

A hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

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12
Q

What is the function of plasma membranes?

A

Physical barrier separating the inside and outside of the cell
Mediate movement of hydrophilic substances (it is semipermeable FYI)
Allows cell to cell identification
Facilitates intercellular communication

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13
Q

What is contact inhibition?

A

It is where cells grow until the plasma membranes come into contact with each other

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14
Q

When and what happens when contact inhibition doesn’t work?

A

Happens with cancerous cells and causes overgrowth

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15
Q

Where is most of the cholesterol made?

A

The liver

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16
Q

What is the function of cholesterol?

A

Holds the membranes together when the temperature increases and when the temperatures drops it maintains the fluidity of membrane (can increase/decrease fluidity of membrane based on cholesterol levels FYI)

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17
Q

What is phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine?

A
  • phospholipid on the outside of the cell

- phospholipid on the inside of the cell

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18
Q

What are the charges on the phospholipid and what impact does this have on its function?

A

Charged head makes it hydrophilic, non-charge tails makes it hydrophobic

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19
Q

What is the phospholipid head made of?

A

Choline head, phosphate middle and glycerol base

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20
Q

What are the phospholipid tails made of?

A

Fatty acids

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21
Q

What happens when a cell dies? Why is this process controlled?

A

It sends out a message to begin apoptosis where the phosphatidylcholine will flip (end up on the inside of the cell) and phosphatidylserine will go on the outside, this triggers exon 5 (???) which initiates the controlled dying of the cell so the it doesn’t impact neighbouring cells

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22
Q

What kind of proteins are imbedded within a plasma membrane?

A

Transmembrane protein, peripheral membrane protein, glycoproteins

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23
Q

What is the function of transmembrane proteins?

A

Contact extracellular and cytoplasmic environments

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24
Q

What is the function of glycoproteins?

A

Contribute ot eh molecular signature of the extracellular side of the cell

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25
Q

What are some of the functions of the plasma membrane proteins?

A

Transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to the cytoskeleton and ECM

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26
Q

What kind of protein controls transport over the plasma membrane?

A

Ion channels

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27
Q

What are the two kinds of ion channels? What are the differences?

A

Passive (no energy involved) and active (requires ATP)

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28
Q

What are and what do enzymatic activity proteins do in the membrane?

A
  • Some enzymes sit imbedded in the plasma membrane

- provide a platform for cells to catalyse reactions, can be parts of a cascade of reactions

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29
Q

How does a signal transduction protein work?

A

A signalling molecule binds to the receptor protein which causes a signalling protein within the cell to be released

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30
Q

Do signalling molecules end up passing through the plasma membrane in order to activate the signal?

A

No, they just modify the signal transduction protein which releases a protein inside the cell

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31
Q

What kind of proteins are involved in cell to cell recognition?

A

Glycoproteins

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32
Q

What kind of protein/s is involved in intercellular connection?

A

Gap or tight junctions

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33
Q

What kind of proteins are involved in attachment to the cytoskeleton and ECM?

A

Integrins

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34
Q

What is a nucleus surrounded by?

A

A nuclear envelope made of lamina A

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35
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Stores DNA in eukaryotic cells, rRNA and ribosome producing, has spatial and temporal control the cell functions

36
Q

How do things get in and out of the nucleus? What kind of things more in and out? Is it free flowing?

A

Through nuclear pores

RNA, some proteins, not free flowing controlled by enzymes

37
Q

Is the nucleus a discrete organelle inside the cell?

A

No, it is continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum

38
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The centre of the nucleus

39
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

site of rRNA production and assembles small and large subunits of ribosomes

40
Q

What is DNA?

A

It is the nucleic acid that encodes our phenotype

41
Q

What is epigenetic’s?

A

Small marks on the DNA laid down on the DNA by environmental factors

42
Q

When and how can epigenetic’s impact an organisms phenotype?

A

From a gamete into adulthood

Rearranges how the histones are lined up impacting how proteins are produced

43
Q

How are DNA stored? What is the structural organisation of the DNA as it prepares for cell division?

A

Wrapped twice around 8 histones to form a single nucleosomes (10nm) 3 nucleosomes form a chromatin.
These chromatin are condensed into chromatin fibres (30nm) which are further wrapped into loops (300nm) then stacked into 2 * chromosome (1400nm) held together by a centromere. These chromosome comprise of many genes

44
Q

What is the monomer of DNA?

A

A nucleotide

45
Q

What is a nucleotide made of?

A

Phosphate group, sugar (pentose) and nitrogen base

46
Q

How are nucleotides held together?

A

By hydrogen and phosphodiester bonds

47
Q

What are ribosome made of?

A

2 subunits, a small and large subunit

48
Q

Where are the subunits for ribosome made?

A

In the nucleolus

49
Q

Where can ribosome be found?

A

Free in the cytoplasm (makes cytosolic proteins FYI) or attached to rough ER

50
Q

What is ER?

A

Extensive network of tubes and tubules stretching out form the nuclear membrane

51
Q

What are the two types of ER?

A

Rough and smooth

52
Q

What makes rough ER rough?

A

It is dotted with attached ribosomes

53
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

Fold the proteins formed by ribosomes in order to make them active and package them to be transported

54
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

Is where lipids and carbohydrates are made, detoxify drugs or harmful substances, can do some modification of the proteins as well

55
Q

Where is the smooth ER relative to rough ER?

A

extends form the rough ER

56
Q

What is the function of the Golgi complex?

A

modifies, sorts, packages and transports proteins from the rough ER into the body

57
Q

What is the structure of the golgi complex?

A

A number of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae stacked on top of each other, curved into a cup shape

58
Q

What do cisternae do?

A

contain enzymes of different functions and the proteins move from cisternae sac to cisternae sac in order to modify them (e.g. folding) and packaging

59
Q

What are the three stages of the golgi complex for processing proteins?

A

Entry cisternae receive proteins from rough ER
Medial cisterna odiar proteins for specific function
Exit cisterna modify further and package protein to necessary destination

60
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

Hydrolytic and digestive enzymes

61
Q

What are lysosomes made from?

A

Plasma membrane derived form golgi body

62
Q

What happens when lysosomes burst?

A

Cell undergo apoptosis

63
Q

What do the proteins in the plasma membrane of the lysosome do to make it an especially powerful digestive organelle?

A

Pump H+ into them

64
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

Digests substance that enter a cell, cell components (autophagy), entire cells (autolysis) and any extracellular digestion

65
Q

What are the mechanisms and functions of autophagy?

A

Isolation membrane forms around cellular components for digestion which forms an autophagosome, These then dock and fuse with lysosome and the lysosome uses its digestive enzymes and acdis to break down cellular content
Breaks down material within the cell

66
Q

What is the ‘power house’ of the cell?

A

Mitochondria

67
Q

How many genes do mitochondria have, what do these genes code for? What is the likely origin of these organelles?

A

37 genes that code for rRNAs and tRNAs and mitochondrial components
Mitochondria are descend form purpose non-sulfur bacteria that survived endocytosis (therefore didn’t get broken up by lysosomes)

68
Q

What does the number of mitochondria in a cell indicate?

A

The number of mitochondria of the cell determines the physical functions of the cell

69
Q

What is the ATP cycle?

A

ATP undergoes hydrolysis losing a phosphate group releasing energy and producing energy, ADP and a phosphate group

70
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Maintain the size shape and integrity of the cell by acting as scaffolding across the cell, also involved in intracellular transportation and cellular movement

71
Q

What are the three types of fibres in cytoskeletons?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filmanets and microtubules

72
Q

What is the structure of microfilaments?

A

Actin molecules assembled in two long chains twisted around each other, 7nm diameter

73
Q

Where are microfilaments normally found?

A

Around the periphery and lining the interior of the cell

74
Q

What is the function of the microfilaments?

A

Bear tension and weight by anchoring cytoskeleton to plasma membrane proteins

75
Q

Are microfilaments permanent structures within the cell?

A

No, microfilaments are assembled and disassembled as required

76
Q

What is the structure of the intermediate filament?

A

Diverse range of material, mainly keratin, diameter of 8-12nm

77
Q

Where is the intermediate filament found?

A

In the cytoplasm

78
Q

What is the function of the intermediate filaments?

A

Bear tension and weight throughout the cell and act as scaffold for other organelles

79
Q

Are intermediate filaments normally permanent structures within the cell?

A

Yes

80
Q

What is the structure of microtubule’s? What are they made of?

A

tubular structures made of tubular dimers alpha and beta that are coiled, 25nm diameter with central lumen of 15nm

81
Q

Where are the two kinds of microtubule’s found?

A

Centrioles

Inside cilia

82
Q

What is the function of the microtubules?

A

Support cell shape and size, guide movements of organelles, proteins and chromosomes (e.g. vesicles form golgi to membrane) and support movement of cilia

83
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Organelles attached onto the nucleus involve in the formation of spindle fibres

84
Q

What is different between the microtubules in the cilia and the centrioles?

A

Cilia microtubules have a basal plate, have a 9 + 2 rings

85
Q

What does the 9 + 2 ring formation in the microtubules in the cilia allow it to do?

A

Allows for different microtubules to slide over each other which allows for bend so that the cilia can move therefore can disturb stuff in the external environment

86
Q

Are microtubules normally permanent structures within the cell?

A

No, assembled and disassembled as required

z:2017 - Biosci107 1/2 (18 decks)

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