Systems Flashcards
FACU Abbreviation and Use
-Fuel Air Controller Unit
-mixture controlling amount of air in the fuel
How Fuel System is Organized (flow)
-Fuel tank to auxiliary
-Auxiliary to main fuel pump
-Main fuel pump to FACU (fuel air controller unit)
-FACU then to cylinder
Three Valves from Under Nose Pull From:
-fuel selector valve
-fuel reservoir
-fuel strainer
Fuel used by Cessna 172
100LL (low lead)
blue
Two Types of Engines
-Carbureted: overall runs harder, can get carb icing.
-Fuel Injected: overall better, except runs harder in summer and more likely to get deposits
Clean vs Dirty Configurations
Clean configuration: no flaps, no gear
Dirty configuration: flaps down, gear down
3 Main Flight Controls
-Aileron: roll, longitudinal rotation, lateral stability
-Elevator: pitch, lateral rotation, longitudinal stability
-Rudder: yaw, vertical rotation, directional stability
Process of How a 4 Stroke Engine Works
-All parts are never happening at the same time, hence its 4 strokes
4 Strokes:
- Intake stroke: fuel and air centers the cylinder
- Compression: this fuel air mixture is now compressed
- Power: spark plugs ignite the fuel air mixture which cause the piston to create a downward motion.
- Exhaust: The exhaust is released through the pushrod and exits the engine.
Type of Propeller on Cessna 172
-Alternative?
-McCauley Two Blade Fixed Pitch Propeller
Alternative:
-constant speed prop, pitch can be adjusted
Purpose of Oil
Cleans
Cools
Lubricates
Type of Engine on Cessna 172-S
Lycoming-IO-360-L2A
-I= fuel injected
-O= horizontally opposed (cylinders are on side of engine, pushing side-by-side, improves visibility over cowling and aerodynamics)
-360= cubic inches of displacement
-4 cylinders, naturally aspirated
-air cooled
-wet sump oil system
-180 hp @2700 rpm
-direct driven= cylinders are directly attached to pushrod that drives the propeller directly
3 Types of Power Options on Planes
Highest Ceiling
1. Turbo
2. Turboprop
3. Reciprocating- our Cessna
Lowest Ceiling
Principle of How Brakes Work
Pascal’s Principle
-hydraulic advantage
-solenoid under pedal for brakes provides more pressure at the disk end of the brakes
-brake/hydraulic fluid is red
Ignition System Process
- starter motor slowly moves the flywheel and magnetos attached
- One of Two magneto runs during startup, wound like a windup toy, that then winds and runs the spark plugs from the one magneto.
- After it starts, both magnetos run
Number of Magnetos and Spark Plugs
-2 magnetos: one that run 4 spark plugs, one for each head.
-The other magneto also has connections to the same heads, with 4 more spark plugs.
-8 total spark plugs.
Shock Absorption on Cessna 172
-main wheels have tubular spring steel main landing gear struts
-Nose wheel have air/oil nose gear shock strut (oleo strut)
-Air is actually Nitrogen which is more consistent at higher altitudes or a lower
Carburetor Heat Use
-more airflow, less velocity at the Venturi, pressure decreases, can get carb icing
-70 degrees or lower can and probably will get icing
-If running full power for a long period of time, the valve flap at the Venturi stays open and get colder temps
To Solve:
-Turn on carb heater, will have two drops in RPM then an increase. After increase, carb is clear.
Essential Aircraft Equipment List
A TOMATO FLAMES:
Cannot fly without these ALL in operation:
-Airspeed Indicator
-Tach
-Oil pressure
-Manifold pressure (only for controllable pitch propeller)
-Altimeter (not required during day)
-Temp gauge
-Oil temp
-Fuel Level
-Landing gear indicator
-AntiCollision Lights
-Magnetic compass
-ELT
-Seat belts
Which regulation states essential aircraft equipment requirements?
91.205
VFR Required Equipment for Night
A TOMATO FLAMES AND
FLAPS:
-Fuses
-(some aircraft have circuit breaks instead. We have these because they can be put back in and reset)
-If it is an essential circuit, we can reset once. If it is nonessential and it pops, leave it. The reason is because it could cause a fire.
-Landing lights
-Anti-collision lights
-Position indicator
-Source of Power
Vacuum System Runs Which Gauge?
Attitude Heading
Gyroscope (Attitude Heading Gauge) Works on Which 2 Principles?
- Rigidity in Space
-When spinning, the plane wants to stay in the same plane of field - Precession
-first action is to nose up: secondary precession is tendency to the right
-first action is we descend: secondary precession is tendency to the left
Which gauge runs off of using a gyroscope?
Attitude Heading
Horizontal Situational Indicator (HSI)
-describe makeup and use
Heading indicator
-heading select knob to bug
G5 and G1000 have this for us
Accelerometer
-describe makeup and use
-use springs and tiny gyros to use force and mass to determine acceleration
Turn Coordinator
-describe and use
-plane in the middle
-shows high right or left wing
-has ball or brick to coordinate turns with rudder
-electrically powered or tied to GDUs
Pitot Static System
-indicates?
-Works with which other system? How to fix if this alternate system freezes? Indicators?
-If blocked, how will we know? How to fix?
-Indicates airspeed
-static port: if becomes clogged open alternate static port, will know is blocked if altitude freezes, with static port open, the airspeed will read 15 knots higher than actual. Will read 65 and going 50.
-one port: will read somewhere between 0 and actual.
Two ports: will act as altimeter, rising and falling as we rise and descend
-fix: turn on pitot heater
How to read airspeed indicator:
-green arc
-white arc
-yellow arc
-red arc
-green: normal operating range
-white: safe flap deployment
-yellow: Vno
-red: Vne
What is Indicated Airspeed (IAS)?
-the reading directly from instruments, no temp, no density accounted for
-the main one we use to ensure the airplane knows what he’s doing. Helps us not stall.
What is Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)?
IAS corrected for installation error and instrument error
What is True Airspeed (TAS)?
CAS corrected for altitude and nonstandard temperature
What is Groundspeed (GS)?
-the actual speed of the airplane over the ground, affected by winds, affects our time
-has nothing to do with stall speeds
Altimeter
-What does it indicate?
-Name of the window we set barometric pressure reading to (set the altimeter to)
-When flying from high to lower pressures and temps….
-When flying from lower to higher pressures and temps….
-indicates altitude or height above mean sea level (MSL)
-Kollsman Window (sets pressure equal to outside pressure within the gauge)
-Look out below= plane is flying lower than expected/reading
-Watch the sky= plane is flying higher than expected/reading
What is Indicated Altitude?
read directly from the altimeter (uncorrected) when it is set to the current altimeter in the Kollman Window
What is True Altitude?
-MSL
-the vertical distance of the aircraft above sea level, the actual altitude.
On VFR Maps, we see obstacles with MSL and AGL on the map. For example: A tower reads 1029 (203). Which is MSL, which is AGL?
Two numbers: 1029 (203)
-1029 (MSL), will fall 203 feet (AGL).
Absolute Altitude
-What is it?
-AGL
-the vertical distance of an aircraft above the terrain, or above ground level
What is Density Altitude?
Takes temperature humidity, and air density into account for performance
Performance
-On a hot day…
-On a cold day…
HOT
-less performance because molecules are further apart, aircraft thinks it is at a higher altitude than it is.
COLD
-better performance because molecules are closer together, may sometimes read as a negative number means it will perform at an excellent level
Where is the magnetometer located?
Left wing
Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
-What does it indicate?
-What other system does VSI need to work properly?
-What causes lag in indication?
-indicates if airplane is climbing or descending (rate of ascent of descent, 500 feet, 700 feet etc)
-Static air fills from STATIC PORT
-Has calibrated leak that fills and leaks as climb and descend, rate of leak tells how fast or slow we are climbing or descending, time to leak or fill causes slight lag in indication
PFD and MFD
-Our planes utilize which instrument as these?
-What is PFD and it’s function?
-what is MFD and it’s function?
-What if PFD goes out?
-GDU 1040 is the system that coordinates all physical data and 2 G1000 displays
-G1000s serve as PFD and GDU
-PFD is Primary Flight Display: all gauge info such as altimeter, VSI, air speed indicator, turn coordinator
-MFD is Multi-Function Display: maps, weather traffic, terrain, obstacle avoidance, approaches, departures, flight planning
-Use Reversionary button (red huge button on the bottom between the screens) allows us to take both PFD and MFD info and to go onto the screen that did not fail.
Conditions in which we can use AutoPilot
- Pilot is seated in left seat
- No takeoff and landing
- Must pre-test before takeoff
- Minimum and Maximum engagement speeds
- Only usable when Audio Panel is operable so can hear audible disconnect
Weather conditions that would require the use of de-icing and anti-icing systems?
-below freezing
-dew points and temps are within 5 of one another
-visible moisture
Can we (Cessna 172) fly into icing conditions?
No, we cannot. We only have pitot heat and front defroster.
Most common de-icing system?
Inflatable boots- puff up and knock ice off
-will still get ice in crevices and behind boots but will mostly be effective
Most effective de-icing system?
Weeping wings
-glycol weeps from leading edge
-heated leading edge
How do commercial jets de-ice and anti-icing?
De-icing: 50/50 split of glycol and water
Anti-icing: 100% glycol after de-icing
What is the magnetic compass filled with?
Kerosene
-prevents freezing
How does the magnetic compass, card, and lubber line work?
Magnetic bar inside of the housing.
The card, or portion that is labeled to show us the direction is opposite the bar so we see where the magnet is pointing.
Lubber line runs down the middle of the card, indicating a more accurate navigational heading,
How to navigate using magnetic compass?
Need to turn away from the direction on the compass you want to go to pull the compass towards the heading you want
Magnetic Compass Reading Errors
DVMONA
-Deviation: aircraft is made of metal and have electronics while trying to pickup earth’s magnetic field, will naturally have a small amount of error. Every airplane is different and is determined by maintenance and is then mounted within the plane.
-Variation: difference between true north and magnetic north, this difference is indicated on a VFR map by the magenta dotted line which tells the variation amount and the direction. So 13E would indicate you take your heading and subtract 13. West is best (add) and East is less (take away). -Magnetic Dip: The magnet bar loves no arch, as it gets closer to the true magnetic north, it dips and falls to its’s knees like it loves a woman. As get to true north, within 300 miles, it almost unreadable so is unrealizable. -Oscillation: In turbulence, will see a swing of the magnet in the kerosene, Take an average between the two numbers it is swinging between. Light turbulence, little swing. Big turbulence, big swing so less reliable. -Northerly : When heading East or west, when we turn, compass wants to stay North. Going north, compass lags, going south, compass leads. As we turn, need to over or under correct to account for this issue. UNOS (Undershoot NORTH, Overshoot South). New heading is rollout heading +/- latitude heading- half the bank angle -Acceleration/deceleration errors: when give full power, will swing in kerosene float because the magnet is heavier. When heading East or west, will swing and briefly show the wrong heading. ANDS: Accelerate North, Decelerate South
Maintenance Requirements:
-Annual Maintenance
12 calendar months
-if done at 12/5/22 have until 12/31/23 (end of calendar month.)
Maintenance Requirements:
-VOR equipment for IFR
30 days
Maintenance Requirements:
100 Hour
-if for hire, like us at flight schools, need 100 hour
-can exceed by 10 hours to reach the maintenance facility within that time.
-If hits 100 hours in the air, have to come back and take it straight to maintenance.
-MUST occur within the next 100 hour mark even if you go over, still due every 100, 200, 300 etc.
Maintenance Requirements:
Altimeter and Static Port
24 calendar months
Maintenance Requirements:
Transponder
24 calendar months
Maintenance Requirements:
ELT
12 calendar months
What is an AD?
-Can we overfly these?
Airworthiness Directive issued by FAA
-Mandatory and directed by law
-CANNOT OVERFLY EVER
What is an SB?
-Can we overfly?
Service Bulletin issued by FAA
-Are recommended but NOT required
-Can be overflown and do not HAVE to be fixed
Two ADs and 100 hour maintenance have same time until maintenance. Can you fly past this time?
NO because can overfly for 100 hour by 10 hours but NOT for ADs.
Airplanes are designed with 3 fundamental design characteristics:
-which two are inversely related?
-Stability
-Maneuverability
-Controllability
Stability and maneuverability are inversely related.
-planes that are more stable are less maneuverable
-planes that are more maneuverable are less stable
In the Northern Hemisphere, a magnetic compass will indicate initially a turn toward the west if…
A right turn is entered from a north heading (heading east)
(The compass will initially show a turn in the opposite direction as it is trying to go to the North and then will correct)
I’m the Northern Hemisphere, you begin a compass turn from 350 to a new heading of 020. What should you do to anticipate rolling out on the correct heading?
Roll out BEFORE you reach 020.
The earth’s north magnetic pole exists…
In northern Canada
In the Northern Hemisphere, if the airplane is decelerated on an easterly heading, the compass will..:
Briefly show South before showing true direction
ANDS- accelerate north, decelerate south
In the Northern Hemisphere, if the airplane is accelerated on an easterly heading, the compass will…
Show north before showing the correct heading
In the Northern Hemisphere, if an aircraft is accelerated or decelerated while on a north/south heading, the magnetic compass will normally indicate…
Correct!
Dashed magnetic lines on a sectional chart define magnetic variation. What are they called?
Isogonic lines
Instruments that are based on gyros:
Turn coordinator (electric)
Attitude indicator (vacuum)
Heading/HSI (gyro and HSI uses magnetometer)
Heading/HSI works based on which two principles?
Precession and Rigidity in Space
HSI indicator uses what two instruments to work
-gyroscope (vacuum)
-magnetometer
HSI stands for…
Horizontal Situation Indicator
AHRS stands for….
Attitude Heading Reference System
-takes physical data and converts to digital to send to GDUs
Can a heading indicator or HSI find true north on their own?
No!
-Heading indicator must be matched to the magnetic compass using the card
-HSI uses gyros in conjunction with information from the magnetometer to send to AHRS which then calculates the direction and attitude of flight
ADC stands for….
Air Data Computer
ADC uses which system for data input?
Pitot static
How is it determined which way a gyro should be placed within instrumentation?
Based on precession, a force applied is felt 90 degrees ahead of the force.
So if we have a gyro spinning up and down, we would feel forces that are moving side to side.
If a gyro is spinning side to side, we would feel forces moving up and down.
What does VSI stand for?
Vertical Speed Indicator
