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cata final exam > systemic conditions > Flashcards

systemic conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What is anemia

A

reduction of RBC volume or hemoglobin concentration

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2
Q

Roles of iron (4)

A

Carries oxygen
Storage muscles
Transport of electrons
Helps with enzyme reactions

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3
Q

Insufficient amounts of ___ can interfere with vital function and lead to serious illness or even ___

A

Iron, death

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4
Q

Anemia reduces what (5)

A
  • Maximum aerobic capacity
  • Decreases physical work capacity at submax levels
  • Increase lactic acidosisIncreases fatigue
  • Decreases time to exhaustion
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5
Q

S/S of anemia (9)

A

Palpitations, fatigue, muscle burning, nausea, SOB, appetite for substances with little or no nutritional value, spoon shaped nails, drying scaling and fissures of lips, inflammation of tongue

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6
Q

Predisposing factors of anemia (9)

A 
Family history 
Poor diet
Excessive menstrual flow/pregnancy/childbirth
Chronic bleeding
Disadvantaged socioeconomic background
Chronic use of aspirin or NSAIDs
Cancer
Volunteer blood donor
Diminished hepatic, renal or thyroid dysfunction
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7
Q

Iron deficiency anemia - Tx (2)

A

Increase iron Vitamin C

Avoid caffeine products

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8
Q

Most common nutritional deficiency worldwide

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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9
Q

Exercise-induced hemolytic anemia other name + cause

A

Runner’s anemia

Repetitive trauma that destroys the RBC

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10
Q

2 types of repetitive traumas in runner’s anemia

A
  1. foot strike hemolysis

2. intravascular hemolysis

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11
Q

What is sickle cell anemia + attributed to what?

A

Abnormalities in RBC

Inheriting an autosomal recessive gene or to possessing two sickle genes

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12
Q

Sickle cell gene is common in people whose origin is in ___ and _____

A

areas where malaria is widespread and black people

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13
Q

Can be mistaken for heat collapse or cardiac collapseOften occurs first 30 min on the field

A

Sickle cell collapse

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14
Q

S/S of sickle cell anemia

A

Mainly asymptomatic

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15
Q

Treatment of sickle cell anemia

A

No cure, hydration is key, build up slowly with PA levels, more rest between reps, acclimatize to altitude and heat, control asthma

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16
Q

Heat cramp vs sickle cell - Heat cramping often has a prodrome of muscle twinges VS

A

none for sickling

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17
Q

Heat cramp vs sickle cell - The pain is different

A

Heat cramping pain is more excruciating

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18
Q

Heat cramp vs sickle cell - What stops the athlete is different

A

Heat crampers hobble to a halt with locked up muscles VS sickling players slump to the ground with weak muscles

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19
Q

Heat cramp vs sickle cell - Physical findings are different

A

Heat crampers writhe and yell in pain, with muscles visibly contracted and rock-hard VS sicklers lie fairly still, not yelling in pain, with muscles that look and feel normal

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20
Q

Heat cramp vs sickle cell - The response is different

A

Sickling players caught early and treated right recover faster than players with major heat cramping

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21
Q

Recognize what

A

Know your athleteAdjust physical exertion, especially in the heat and altitudeAcclimatizationHydration

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22
Q

Hemophilia

A

Bleeding disorderDeficiency in clotting system

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23
Q

S/S of hemophilia (5)

A

Large or deep bruises, joint pain and swelling caused by internal bleeding, intramuscular bleeding, blood in urine or stool and prolonged bleeding from procedures

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24
Q

Special considerations for hemophilia

A

Avoid contact sport/dangerous sport to prevent injuries like laceration, bruising, etc.

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25
Q

Lymphangitis

A

Inflammation of the lymphatic channels

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26
Q

Lymphangitis is a result of what

A

Infection at a site distal to the vessels

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27
Q

S/S of lymphangitis

A

Local inflammation, red streaks, headache, loss of appetite, fevers, chills, malaise, and muscle aches

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28
Q

Treatment of lymphangitis

A

Refer, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medication, possible drainage of an abcess

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29
Q

How to monitor infection in lymphangitis

A

Mark with a circle to see if it grows

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30
Q

Blood pressure disorders - hypertension

A

Elevated BPIncrease risk of CV disease

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31
Q

Risk factors of hypertension

A

Age, obesity, alcohol abuse, race, sex, smoking, heredity, diabetes

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32
Q

Pre-hypertensive stage

A

120-139 or 80-89

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33
Q

Stage 1 hypertension

A

140-159 or 90-99

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34
Q

Blood pressure disorders - Hypotension

A

LowerInadequate blood circulated to heart, vital organs

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35
Q

S/S of hypotension (5)

A

Shock, dehydration, acute hemorrhage, orthostatic hypotension, postural hypotension

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36
Q

Silent killer

A

Sudden cardiac death

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37
Q

Leading cause of death in young athletes (unexpected)

A

Sudden cardiac death

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38
Q

___ and ___ athletes have an increased death rate in comparison to ___ (highest in ___)

A

Male, black
Females
Basketball players

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39
Q

Most common cause of SCD in individuals younger than 35 years old

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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40
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Abnormal thickening of left ventricle wall

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41
Q

Normal ventricle thickness vs HCM

A

1 cm VS more than 3 cm

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42
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammatory condition of the muscular walls due to bacterial or viral infection

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43
Q

S/S of myocarditis

A

Maybe asymptomatic, fever, body aches, fatigue, cough or vomiting

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44
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

Genetic disorder of the connective tissue that can affect the skeletin, lungs, eyes, heart and blood vessels

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45
Q

S/S of marfan syndrome

A 
Overly long extremities
Joint hypermobile
Pigeon chest
Stretch marks
Scoliosis
Increased incidence of hernias
Positive thumb test and wrist test
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46
Q

2 tests done for marfan syndrome

A

Positive thumb test and wrist test

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47
Q

Irritation of one or more of the pain sensitive structures or tissues in the head/neck

A

Headaches

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48
Q

Headaches can stem from (3)

A

Organic disorders
Psychoneurological problems
Environmental

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49
Q

Idiopathic episodic headache disorder

A

Migraine headaches

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50
Q

Common triggers of migraine headaches (9)

A

Caffeine, missed meals, too much or little sleep, stress, bright lights, strong odors, change in altitude, red grapes, aspartame

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51
Q

Migraines without aura

A

Pulsating quality, aggravated by PA, nausea, photo/phonophobia, desire to lay down in dark room, pressure in the head

52
Q

Migraines with aura

A

Flashes, losing visual field, smell, taste, dizzy

Develops over 5 min and lasts 60 min

53
Q

Most common type of headache (30-78% of general population)

A

Tension type headaches

54
Q

Typically in frontal or occipital region bilaterally spreading over the entire head

A

Tension type headaches

55
Q

S/S of tension type headaches

A

Mild nausea, phono/photophobia

56
Q

Chronic TTHs are present when/how long

A

At least 15 days per month to for at least 6 months

57
Q

Severe unilateral pain, either orbitally or supraorbitally, or temporally or a combination of these sites, that lasts from 15-180 min

A

Cluster headaches

58
Q

S/S of cluster headaches

A

Described as unilateral, stabbing, boring, burning, clusters or groups can last 3 weeks to 3 months, followed by headache free periods months to years

59
Q

Episodes of cluster headaches are associated with at least 2 of the following

A

Conjunctival infection, lacrimation, nasal congestion, forehead/facial sweating, pupillary contraction, lid drooping, eyelid edemaAgitation during attacks

60
Q

Treatment care for headaches (3)

A
  1. drug therapy (OTC pain relieves)
  2. Stress reduction can help
  3. CT scan or MRI if other techniques fail
61
Q

Meningitis

A

Most commonly caused by bacteria or a virus

Can occur from blow to head, cancers, inflammatory diseases, reaction to medications

62
Q

2 types of meningitis

A

Viral or bacterial

63
Q

Viral meningitis

A

usually mild and clears on its own after 1-2 weeks

viruses associated with mumps, herpes infection, or other diseases as well as polluted water can cause this

64
Q

Bacteria meningitis

A

Streptococcus, requires antibiotics
Caused by infection from other part of body and travels through bloodstream to brain and spinal cord
Contagious

65
Q

___ of cases of meningitis are fatal

A

10 %

66
Q

S/S of meningitis

A

High fever, severe headaches, cervical rigidity, vomiting, irritability, lack of appetite, photophobia, lack of energy, mental confusion, neurological complications

67
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the functional brain tissue

68
Q

Treatment of encephalitis

A

Antiviral medication
NSAIDs
Improve immune system (nutrition, PA, stress reduction)

69
Q

Primary encephalitis

A

Direct viral invasion of brain and spinal cord

Headache and fever to start

70
Q

Secondary encephalitis

A

Viral infection in other part of the body

Over reaction of immune system

71
Q

Complex regional pain syndrome

A

Chronic pain disorder lasting longer than 6 months

Presents of regional pain and sensory changes followed by a noxious events

72
Q

S/S of complex regional pain syndrome

A

Abnormal skin color, temperature changes, abnormal sweating, hypersensitivity of the area, subnormal edema. significant motor function

73
Q

Incidence of CRPS

A

Women more than men

Peak at 40

74
Q

Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (5)

A

Pain reduction therapy, NSAIDs, nerve blocks, psychological improvement, movement

75
Q

Upper respiratory tract infections

A

Viral condition

76
Q

upper respiratory infection - do not participate if (7)

A

38C fever, severe malaise, myalgia, weakness, SOB, severe cough or dehydration

77
Q

40-50% of infections of common cold are

A

human rhinovirus

78
Q

S/S of common cold

A

Rhinorrhea, nasal itching, sneezing, unproductive cough, itching and puffy eyes

79
Q

Strategies to reduce the common cold

A
  • Avoid contact with people who have these infections
  • Avoid touching objects/sharing objects
  • Wash hands frequently and avoid touching eyes/nose with fingers
  • Drink plenty of clear, non-alcoholic fluids
  • Vitamin C can help decrease the duration and severity of symptoms
  • Reduce stress
80
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of paranasal sinus

81
Q

Cause of sinusitis

A

Bacteria, virus, allergy or environmental factors

82
Q

S/S of sinusitis

A

Nasal congestion, facial pain (upper teeth), pressure (eyes), nasal discharge, coughing, palpable pain in sinuses, fever, chills, swelling of eyes, tension headaches

83
Q

Pharyingitis

A

Sore throat

Dark red tonsils, swollen, pus discharge may be present

84
Q

S/S of pharyngitis

A

Pain with swallowing, may radiate to ears, common cold symptoms may be also present

85
Q

Laryngitis

A

Tissues inferior to epiglottis are swollen and inflamed (swelling around vocal cords)

86
Q

Laryngitis common with ?

A

cold, trauma to throat, allergies, cigarette smoking, general irritation of straining vocal cords

87
Q

S/S of laryngitis

A

Weak, hoarse, gravelly voice, sore throat, fever, cough, tickling in throat, difficulty swallowing

88
Q

Tonsillitis

A

Inflammation of tonsils

89
Q

Causes of tonsillitis

A

streptococcal infection, sometimes by viral infections, such as flu, cold, mononucleosis or herpes simplex

90
Q

S/S of tonsillitis (4)

A

White specks or white excaudate on tonsils, swollen lymph nodes, headache, bad breath

91
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of mucosal lining of tracheobronchial tree

92
Q

S/S of bronchitis

A

Bronchial swelling, mucus secretion, increases resistance to expiration, coughing, wheezing, mucus production

93
Q

Influenza

A

The flu

Viral condition caused by Haemophilus influenza (A,B, or C)

94
Q

S/S of influenza

A

Fever, chills, malaise, headache, general muscle aches, hacking cough, inflamed mucous membranes
Rapid onset after exposure
Sore throat, watery eyes, photophobia

95
Q

Treatment of influenza (4)

A

Fluids, saltwater gargles, cough medication, analgesics to control fever/aches/pain

96
Q

Coronaviruses

A

Highly contagious respiratory illnesses

Airborne spread

97
Q

S/S of coronaviruses

A

Fever, chills, headache, general malaise, loss of appetite, respiratory symptoms
Cough, SOB
Can lead to hypoxia and develop pneumonia

98
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation and infection of the lungs

99
Q

S/S of pneumonia

A

Shaking, chills, high fever, sweating, chest pain, and cough

100
Q

More common form of bacteria

A

Streptococcus

101
Q

Kissing disease

A

Infectious mononucleosis

102
Q

What virus causes mononucleosis

A

Epstein-Barr virus

103
Q

S/S of mono

A

General feeling of malaise and fatigue, 3-5 days of fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, enlarged and vulnerable spleen

104
Q

Gastric juice regurgitates into the esophagus (very acidic)

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

105
Q

S/S of GERD

A

Mild heartburn, upper chest pain

106
Q

Cause of GERD

A

Eats/drinks too much, obesity, pregnancy, running

107
Q

Acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach or small intestine

A

Gastroenteritis

108
Q

Other names for gastroenteritis

A

Intestinal flu, traveler’s diarrhea, or food poisoning

109
Q

Cause of gastroenteritis (7)

A

Bacterial, viral, allergic reaction, medication, parasites, contaminated food, emotional stress

110
Q

S/S of gastroenteritis

A

Indigestion, nausea, gas, sour stomach, cramping, diarrhea, fever, vomiting, lead to dehydration

111
Q

Lower GI disorder

Abdominal pain and altered bowel function

A

Irritable bowel syndrome

112
Q

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome

A

Refer to physician for blood/stool samples, dietary modifications, adequate rest, exercise and stress reduction

113
Q

Serious, chronic inflammation, usually of the distal ileum and colon
Regional enteritis

A

Crohn disease

114
Q

Cause of crohn disease

A

Unknown

115
Q

S/S of crohn disease

A

Chronic abdominal pain in lower right quadrant, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, malnutrition, sores in anal region

116
Q

Complications of crohn disease

A

Joint pain, eye problems, skin rash, liver disease

117
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Over production of thyroxine

118
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Insufficient quality of thyroid tissue, loss of functional tissue, excessive or insufficient iodine in diet, certain medicines

119
Q

S/S of thyroid disorders

A

see slide 53 of systemic disease

120
Q

Produce digestive juices, secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream

A

Pancreas

121
Q

2 types of pancreatitis

A

Acute or chronic

122
Q

Gallstones leading cause
Block flow of pancreatic juices
Digestive enzymes become active in pancreas not intestines
Abdominal pain, referred to back or chest
Alcohol worsens pain
Immediate medical attention

A

Acute pancreatitis

123
Q

Permanent damage to structures/function due to progressive inflammation
Alcohol leading cause
Cells that produce insulin are impaired causing diabetes

A

Chronic pancreatitis

124
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Review slide 55 of systemic disease

125
Q

Diabetes complications - vascular and nerve

A
  • Affect ability to feel
  • Increase risk of coronary heart disease
  • Can’t feel cuts/lacerations (infection)
126
Q

Diabetes complications - hypoglycemia (4)

A
  • Low blood sugar
  • Common in athletes
  • Insulin shock
  • Dizziness, headache, feeling shaky, pale, cold/clammy skin
127
Q

Diabetes complications - Diabetic coma *medical emergency

A

Hyperglycemia
Increasingly restless and confused, SOB, dry mouth, intense thirst
Can slip into a coma, dry/red/warm skin, rapid/weak pulse, and a sweet fruity acetone breathe

cata final exam (12 decks)

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