systemic conditions Flashcards
What is anemia
reduction of RBC volume or hemoglobin concentration
Roles of iron (4)
Carries oxygen
Storage muscles
Transport of electrons
Helps with enzyme reactions
Insufficient amounts of ___ can interfere with vital function and lead to serious illness or even ___
Iron, death
Anemia reduces what (5)
- Maximum aerobic capacity
- Decreases physical work capacity at submax levels
- Increase lactic acidosisIncreases fatigue
- Decreases time to exhaustion
S/S of anemia (9)
Palpitations, fatigue, muscle burning, nausea, SOB, appetite for substances with little or no nutritional value, spoon shaped nails, drying scaling and fissures of lips, inflammation of tongue
Predisposing factors of anemia (9)
Family history Poor diet Excessive menstrual flow/pregnancy/childbirth Chronic bleeding Disadvantaged socioeconomic background Chronic use of aspirin or NSAIDs Cancer Volunteer blood donor Diminished hepatic, renal or thyroid dysfunction
Iron deficiency anemia - Tx (2)
Increase iron Vitamin C
Avoid caffeine products
Most common nutritional deficiency worldwide
Iron deficiency anemia
Exercise-induced hemolytic anemia other name + cause
Runner’s anemia
Repetitive trauma that destroys the RBC
2 types of repetitive traumas in runner’s anemia
- foot strike hemolysis
2. intravascular hemolysis
What is sickle cell anemia + attributed to what?
Abnormalities in RBC
Inheriting an autosomal recessive gene or to possessing two sickle genes
Sickle cell gene is common in people whose origin is in ___ and _____
areas where malaria is widespread and black people
Can be mistaken for heat collapse or cardiac collapseOften occurs first 30 min on the field
Sickle cell collapse
S/S of sickle cell anemia
Mainly asymptomatic
Treatment of sickle cell anemia
No cure, hydration is key, build up slowly with PA levels, more rest between reps, acclimatize to altitude and heat, control asthma
Heat cramp vs sickle cell - Heat cramping often has a prodrome of muscle twinges VS
none for sickling
Heat cramp vs sickle cell - The pain is different
Heat cramping pain is more excruciating
Heat cramp vs sickle cell - What stops the athlete is different
Heat crampers hobble to a halt with locked up muscles VS sickling players slump to the ground with weak muscles
Heat cramp vs sickle cell - Physical findings are different
Heat crampers writhe and yell in pain, with muscles visibly contracted and rock-hard VS sicklers lie fairly still, not yelling in pain, with muscles that look and feel normal
Heat cramp vs sickle cell - The response is different
Sickling players caught early and treated right recover faster than players with major heat cramping
Recognize what
Know your athleteAdjust physical exertion, especially in the heat and altitudeAcclimatizationHydration
Hemophilia
Bleeding disorderDeficiency in clotting system
S/S of hemophilia (5)
Large or deep bruises, joint pain and swelling caused by internal bleeding, intramuscular bleeding, blood in urine or stool and prolonged bleeding from procedures
Special considerations for hemophilia
Avoid contact sport/dangerous sport to prevent injuries like laceration, bruising, etc.
Lymphangitis
Inflammation of the lymphatic channels
Lymphangitis is a result of what
Infection at a site distal to the vessels
S/S of lymphangitis
Local inflammation, red streaks, headache, loss of appetite, fevers, chills, malaise, and muscle aches
Treatment of lymphangitis
Refer, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medication, possible drainage of an abcess
How to monitor infection in lymphangitis
Mark with a circle to see if it grows
Blood pressure disorders - hypertension
Elevated BPIncrease risk of CV disease
Risk factors of hypertension
Age, obesity, alcohol abuse, race, sex, smoking, heredity, diabetes
Pre-hypertensive stage
120-139 or 80-89
Stage 1 hypertension
140-159 or 90-99
Blood pressure disorders - Hypotension
LowerInadequate blood circulated to heart, vital organs
S/S of hypotension (5)
Shock, dehydration, acute hemorrhage, orthostatic hypotension, postural hypotension
Silent killer
Sudden cardiac death
Leading cause of death in young athletes (unexpected)
Sudden cardiac death
___ and ___ athletes have an increased death rate in comparison to ___ (highest in ___)
Male, black
Females
Basketball players
Most common cause of SCD in individuals younger than 35 years old
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Abnormal thickening of left ventricle wall
Normal ventricle thickness vs HCM
1 cm VS more than 3 cm
Myocarditis
Inflammatory condition of the muscular walls due to bacterial or viral infection
S/S of myocarditis
Maybe asymptomatic, fever, body aches, fatigue, cough or vomiting
Marfan syndrome
Genetic disorder of the connective tissue that can affect the skeletin, lungs, eyes, heart and blood vessels
S/S of marfan syndrome
Overly long extremities Joint hypermobile Pigeon chest Stretch marks Scoliosis Increased incidence of hernias Positive thumb test and wrist test
2 tests done for marfan syndrome
Positive thumb test and wrist test
Irritation of one or more of the pain sensitive structures or tissues in the head/neck
Headaches
Headaches can stem from (3)
Organic disorders
Psychoneurological problems
Environmental
Idiopathic episodic headache disorder
Migraine headaches
Common triggers of migraine headaches (9)
Caffeine, missed meals, too much or little sleep, stress, bright lights, strong odors, change in altitude, red grapes, aspartame
Migraines without aura
Pulsating quality, aggravated by PA, nausea, photo/phonophobia, desire to lay down in dark room, pressure in the head
Migraines with aura
Flashes, losing visual field, smell, taste, dizzy
Develops over 5 min and lasts 60 min
Most common type of headache (30-78% of general population)
Tension type headaches
Typically in frontal or occipital region bilaterally spreading over the entire head
Tension type headaches
S/S of tension type headaches
Mild nausea, phono/photophobia
Chronic TTHs are present when/how long
At least 15 days per month to for at least 6 months
Severe unilateral pain, either orbitally or supraorbitally, or temporally or a combination of these sites, that lasts from 15-180 min
Cluster headaches
S/S of cluster headaches
Described as unilateral, stabbing, boring, burning, clusters or groups can last 3 weeks to 3 months, followed by headache free periods months to years
Episodes of cluster headaches are associated with at least 2 of the following
Conjunctival infection, lacrimation, nasal congestion, forehead/facial sweating, pupillary contraction, lid drooping, eyelid edemaAgitation during attacks
Treatment care for headaches (3)
- drug therapy (OTC pain relieves)
- Stress reduction can help
- CT scan or MRI if other techniques fail
Meningitis
Most commonly caused by bacteria or a virus
Can occur from blow to head, cancers, inflammatory diseases, reaction to medications
2 types of meningitis
Viral or bacterial
Viral meningitis
usually mild and clears on its own after 1-2 weeks
viruses associated with mumps, herpes infection, or other diseases as well as polluted water can cause this
Bacteria meningitis
Streptococcus, requires antibiotics
Caused by infection from other part of body and travels through bloodstream to brain and spinal cord
Contagious
___ of cases of meningitis are fatal
10 %
S/S of meningitis
High fever, severe headaches, cervical rigidity, vomiting, irritability, lack of appetite, photophobia, lack of energy, mental confusion, neurological complications
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the functional brain tissue
Treatment of encephalitis
Antiviral medication
NSAIDs
Improve immune system (nutrition, PA, stress reduction)
Primary encephalitis
Direct viral invasion of brain and spinal cord
Headache and fever to start
Secondary encephalitis
Viral infection in other part of the body
Over reaction of immune system
Complex regional pain syndrome
Chronic pain disorder lasting longer than 6 months
Presents of regional pain and sensory changes followed by a noxious events
S/S of complex regional pain syndrome
Abnormal skin color, temperature changes, abnormal sweating, hypersensitivity of the area, subnormal edema. significant motor function
Incidence of CRPS
Women more than men
Peak at 40
Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (5)
Pain reduction therapy, NSAIDs, nerve blocks, psychological improvement, movement
Upper respiratory tract infections
Viral condition
upper respiratory infection - do not participate if (7)
38C fever, severe malaise, myalgia, weakness, SOB, severe cough or dehydration
40-50% of infections of common cold are
human rhinovirus
S/S of common cold
Rhinorrhea, nasal itching, sneezing, unproductive cough, itching and puffy eyes
Strategies to reduce the common cold
- Avoid contact with people who have these infections
- Avoid touching objects/sharing objects
- Wash hands frequently and avoid touching eyes/nose with fingers
- Drink plenty of clear, non-alcoholic fluids
- Vitamin C can help decrease the duration and severity of symptoms
- Reduce stress
Sinusitis
Inflammation of paranasal sinus
Cause of sinusitis
Bacteria, virus, allergy or environmental factors
S/S of sinusitis
Nasal congestion, facial pain (upper teeth), pressure (eyes), nasal discharge, coughing, palpable pain in sinuses, fever, chills, swelling of eyes, tension headaches
Pharyingitis
Sore throat
Dark red tonsils, swollen, pus discharge may be present
S/S of pharyngitis
Pain with swallowing, may radiate to ears, common cold symptoms may be also present
Laryngitis
Tissues inferior to epiglottis are swollen and inflamed (swelling around vocal cords)
Laryngitis common with ?
cold, trauma to throat, allergies, cigarette smoking, general irritation of straining vocal cords
S/S of laryngitis
Weak, hoarse, gravelly voice, sore throat, fever, cough, tickling in throat, difficulty swallowing
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of tonsils
Causes of tonsillitis
streptococcal infection, sometimes by viral infections, such as flu, cold, mononucleosis or herpes simplex
S/S of tonsillitis (4)
White specks or white excaudate on tonsils, swollen lymph nodes, headache, bad breath
Bronchitis
Inflammation of mucosal lining of tracheobronchial tree
S/S of bronchitis
Bronchial swelling, mucus secretion, increases resistance to expiration, coughing, wheezing, mucus production
Influenza
The flu
Viral condition caused by Haemophilus influenza (A,B, or C)
S/S of influenza
Fever, chills, malaise, headache, general muscle aches, hacking cough, inflamed mucous membranes
Rapid onset after exposure
Sore throat, watery eyes, photophobia
Treatment of influenza (4)
Fluids, saltwater gargles, cough medication, analgesics to control fever/aches/pain
Coronaviruses
Highly contagious respiratory illnesses
Airborne spread
S/S of coronaviruses
Fever, chills, headache, general malaise, loss of appetite, respiratory symptoms
Cough, SOB
Can lead to hypoxia and develop pneumonia
Pneumonia
Inflammation and infection of the lungs
S/S of pneumonia
Shaking, chills, high fever, sweating, chest pain, and cough
More common form of bacteria
Streptococcus
Kissing disease
Infectious mononucleosis
What virus causes mononucleosis
Epstein-Barr virus
S/S of mono
General feeling of malaise and fatigue, 3-5 days of fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, enlarged and vulnerable spleen
Gastric juice regurgitates into the esophagus (very acidic)
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
S/S of GERD
Mild heartburn, upper chest pain
Cause of GERD
Eats/drinks too much, obesity, pregnancy, running
Acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach or small intestine
Gastroenteritis
Other names for gastroenteritis
Intestinal flu, traveler’s diarrhea, or food poisoning
Cause of gastroenteritis (7)
Bacterial, viral, allergic reaction, medication, parasites, contaminated food, emotional stress
S/S of gastroenteritis
Indigestion, nausea, gas, sour stomach, cramping, diarrhea, fever, vomiting, lead to dehydration
Lower GI disorder
Abdominal pain and altered bowel function
Irritable bowel syndrome
Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
Refer to physician for blood/stool samples, dietary modifications, adequate rest, exercise and stress reduction
Serious, chronic inflammation, usually of the distal ileum and colon
Regional enteritis
Crohn disease
Cause of crohn disease
Unknown
S/S of crohn disease
Chronic abdominal pain in lower right quadrant, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, malnutrition, sores in anal region
Complications of crohn disease
Joint pain, eye problems, skin rash, liver disease
Hyperthyroidism
Over production of thyroxine
Hypothyroidism
Insufficient quality of thyroid tissue, loss of functional tissue, excessive or insufficient iodine in diet, certain medicines
S/S of thyroid disorders
see slide 53 of systemic disease
Produce digestive juices, secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream
Pancreas
2 types of pancreatitis
Acute or chronic
Gallstones leading cause
Block flow of pancreatic juices
Digestive enzymes become active in pancreas not intestines
Abdominal pain, referred to back or chest
Alcohol worsens pain
Immediate medical attention
Acute pancreatitis
Permanent damage to structures/function due to progressive inflammation
Alcohol leading cause
Cells that produce insulin are impaired causing diabetes
Chronic pancreatitis
Diabetes mellitus
Review slide 55 of systemic disease
Diabetes complications - vascular and nerve
- Affect ability to feel
- Increase risk of coronary heart disease
- Can’t feel cuts/lacerations (infection)
Diabetes complications - hypoglycemia (4)
- Low blood sugar
- Common in athletes
- Insulin shock
- Dizziness, headache, feeling shaky, pale, cold/clammy skin
Diabetes complications - Diabetic coma *medical emergency
Hyperglycemia
Increasingly restless and confused, SOB, dry mouth, intense thirst
Can slip into a coma, dry/red/warm skin, rapid/weak pulse, and a sweet fruity acetone breathe
