special populations Flashcards
who is part of the special population
female athletes senior athletes athletes with physical and intellectual disabilities - amputees paralysis cerebral palsy multiple sclerosis
what is the femal athlete triad
low energy availability/disordered eating
menstrual disturbance/ amenorrhea
bone loss/osteoporosis
what are menstrual disturbances (5)
amenorrhea oligomenorrhea dysmenorrhea menorrhagia menstrual induced leg pain
what is amenorrhea
loss of menstrual periods
under fueling the body can lead to lowered estrogen production
low body fat/ weight loss, excessive exercise, vegetarian, chronic disease, osteoporosis, infections, etc
what is oligomenorrhea
infrequent menstrual cycles
strenuous activity and weight loss
runners
what is dysmenorrhea
menstrual cramps
what is menorrhagia
menstrual bleeding lasting more than 7 days
heavy menstrual flow
what is menstrual induced leg pain
associated with ovulating
pre menstrual fluid retention
what is endometriosis
presence of uterine endometrial tissue outside of normal location
severe pelvic pain, pain, dysmenorrhea, infertility (10%)
what are ovarian cysts
benign cysts around the ovary stem
at site of ruptured ovarian follicle immediately after ovulation
pelvic pain, low back pain, acute spastic abdominal pain
what is a disordered eating
subclinical level, not diagnosed with an actual disorder
what are the 2 types of eating disorders
anorexia nervose
bulimia nervose
what is anorexia nervosa
refusal to maintain weight at minimal normal level, severe fear of gaining weight, amenorrhea
what is bulimia nervosa
binge eating, compensatory behaviours to prevent weight gain ex purging, excessive exercise, self evaluation overly influenced by body shape and weight
what % of anorexia nervose is diagnosed in female athletes
90%
what is osteoporosis
decreased bone mass and strength
increase risk for fractureS
around what age does cortical and trabecular bone reach peak density
40 years
20 years
after lose 1%/year
what are some risk factors of osteoporosis
low calcium intake sedentary life tobacco use being underweight amenorrhea related to bone density loss estrogen deficiency decreased bone mineral content
what are the warning signs of the female athlete triad
frequent or unexplained injuries, especially stress fractures
excessive or compulsive exercise
change in performance
impaired concentration
absent or irregular menstrual cycle
restrictive eating masked as performance enhancing meal plan
use fo weight loss products or supplements
what happens during pregnancy
increased hormones
progesteron and relaxin
increased joint laxity
what do you want to avoid with joint laxity
ballistic movements
why is physical activity important during pregnancy
maintain level of tension
avoid excessive weight gain
avoid hypertension, water retention
gestational diabetes -> not enough insulin to handle higher blood glucose
what are some considerations to have with pregnancy
postural considerations
30 min or more of moderate aerobic activity for healthy uncomplicated pregnancies
weight training, maintenance more than gain
post partum- 6 weeks
what are the types of amputations
traumatic
surgical
congenital
what is a traumatic amputation
MVA, explosions, machinery, abjects falling, getting trapped
what is a surgical amputation
if blood supply to an injured limb is lost
what is congenital amputation
birth without a part of limb or limbs
what is congenital amputation caused by
blood cloths forming in the fetus causing restriction to developing limb
what is paralysis
inability to move a part of the body
what are the 3 causes of paralysis
injury (spinal cord, spina bifida)
poison (some plants)
illness (post polio paralysis)
common injuries for athletes in wheelchairs
muscular strains ofr contusions sprains, tendinitis, bursitis blisters, calluses lacerations, abrasions, cuts pressures sores arthritis and joint disorders fractures hand weakness or numbness hypo and hyperthermia
what are the most common causes of visual impairment and blindness
uncorrected refractive errors and cataracts
what are the challenges of visual impairment
unseen barriers
failure to be able to respond to visual cues
thought to fatigue more quickly, as one sens is taken away
what is the most common problem with amputation
irritation at the junctions of the amputated limb and prosthetic device due to decreased sensation and increased risk of infection
what is cerebral palsy
non-progressive lesion or malformation of the brain that interferes with normal brain development before, during or immediately after birth
cerebral palsy consists of damages to what
areas of the brain that control muscle tone and spinal reflexes
what is limited with cerebral palsy
ability to move and maintain posture and balance
what are the 3 types of cerebral palsy
diplegia
hemiplegia
quadriplegia
what is multiple sclerosis
thought to be an autoimmune disease of the CNS
what does MS do
attacks myelin, protective covering of the nerves, causing inflammation and often damaging the myelin
why is myelin important
it is necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses through nerve fibers
what are the s/s of MS
balance/dizziness bladder/bowel dysfunction cognitive impairment depression fatigue gait optic neuritis pain paroxysmal symptoms sensory impairment, numbness/tingling sexual dysfunction spasticity tremor uhthoff's Phenomena weakness
what are neurodevelopmental disorder
issues with conceptual skills, social skills and practice skills
IQs of 75 or lower
manifest before the age of 18
what is idiopathic
unknown cause
what is the role of aging in neurological and musculoskeletal injuries
decrease in density of collagen
lower tissue elasticity
deterioration of muscle fibers
joint degeneration
what are the upper extremity and spinal considerations
adhesive capsulitis subacromial bursitis subacromial impingement kyphosis lumbar disc herniation and DDD
what are some lower extremity considerations
poor flexibility - strains muscles weaknesses and imbalances degenerative meniscus tears osteoarthritis, osteochondral lesions plantar fasciitis fractures- falls
