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Biological Psychology > System Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

System Neuroanatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Brodmann area 3,1,2

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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2
Q

Brodmann area 4

A

Primary motor cortex

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3
Q

Brodmann area 5 and 7

A

Somatosensory association cortex

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4
Q

Brodmann area 6

A

Premotor cortex (PMC) and supplementary motor cortex (SMC)

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5
Q

Brodmann areas 17 and 18

A

Primary visual cortex V1 (17) and secondary visual cortex V2 (18)

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6
Q

Brodmann areas 41 and 42

A

Auditory cortex

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7
Q

What does the triune brain model tell us?

A

The brain is 3 different smaller brains piled on top of each other with conflicting processes

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8
Q

Cranial nerve I

A

Olfactory nerve: smell

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9
Q

Cranial nerve II

A

Optic nerve: vision

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10
Q

Cranial nerve III

A

Opthalamic: eye movement

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11
Q

Cranial nerve IV

A

Trochlear: eye movement

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12
Q

Cranial nerve V

A

Trigeminal: face, sinuses, teeth, and jaw muscles (chewing)

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13
Q

Cranial nerve VI

A

Abducens: eye movement

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14
Q

Cranial nerve VII

A

Facial: tongue, soft palate, facial muscles, salivary glands, tear glands, taste

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15
Q

Cranial nerve VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear: hearing and balance

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16
Q

Cranial nerve IX

A

Glossopharyngeal: throat muscles, taste, gag reflex

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17
Q

Cranial nerve X

A

Vagus: parasympathetic innervation and gag reflex

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18
Q

Cranial nerve XI

A

Spinal accessory: neck muscles

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19
Q

Cranial nerve XII

A

Hypoglossal: tongue muscles

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20
Q

Acronym for knowing whether a nerve is sensory or motor or both

A

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

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21
Q

Acronym for cranial nerves

A
  • Oh oh oh to touch and feel very good velvet ah heaven
  • Olfactory optic oculomotor trochlear trigeminal abducens facial vestibulocochlear glossopharyngeal vagus (spinal) accessory hypoglossal
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22
Q

Coronal plane

A

Vertical plane

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23
Q

Spinal nerves from top to bottom

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx

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24
Q

Number of each spinal nerve

A
  • Cervical: 8
  • Thoracic: 12
  • Lumbar: 5
  • Sacral: 5
  • Coccygeal: 1
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25
Q

What hormone does the parasympathetic nervous system use

A

Acetylcholine ONLY

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26
Q

What hormone does the sympathetic nervous system use

A

Preganglionic neurons use acetylcholine, post ganglionic neurons use norepinephrine

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27
Q

Which autonomic NS has longer axons

A

Parasympathetic axons are longer

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28
Q

What is the organization of neurons in the parasympathetic NS

A

Most neurons come from the brain stem, while the other few come from sacral sections of the spinal cord

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29
Q

What is medial to the internal capsule

A

Caudate and the thalamus

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30
Q

What’s lateral to the internal capsule

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

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31
Q

What two divisions make up the forebrain

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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32
Q

What is the telencephalon made out of

A

Cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

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33
Q

What does the diencephalon consist of

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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34
Q

What are the two divisions of the hindbrain

A

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

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35
Q

What is the metencephalon consist of

A

Cerebellum and pons

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36
Q

What is the myelencephalon

A

Medulla

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37
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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38
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Primary motor cortex

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39
Q

Tract

A

Bundle of axons in the CNS

40
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axons in the PNS

41
Q

What layer of cortex do pyramidal cells have their cell bodies in

A

Layers III or IV

42
Q

Components of the limbic system

A

Amygdala, mamillary bodies, fornix, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus

43
Q

Stria terminalis

A

Provides reciprocal connection between hypothalamus and amygdala

44
Q

Tectum

A

Roof of the midbrain

45
Q

What two structures are present in the midbrain

A

Colliculi and red nucleus

46
Q

Purkinje cells

A

A large type of nerve cell in the middle layer of the cerebellum

47
Q

Granule cell

A

A small never cell that makes up the largest and deepest layer of the cerebellum

48
Q

How are the parallel fibers of the cerebellum made

A

The axons of the granule cells rise to the surface of the cerebellum to form the molecular layer (outermost layer) of the cerebellum

49
Q

Association fibers

A

Connect the cortex to the cortex ipsilaterally

50
Q

Types of association fibers

A

Arcuate and uncinate fasciculus, cingulum

51
Q

Commisural fibers

A

Connect the cortex to the cortex contralaterally

52
Q

Projection fibers

A

Connect the cortex to subcortical structures ipsilaterally

53
Q

Types of projection tracts

A

Internal capsule and corona radiata

54
Q

What role do septal nuclei play in aging

A

The septal nuclei have a reciprocal connection with the thalamus; loss of septal nuclei is why we lose memory as we age

55
Q

How do you know you’re looking at the limbic system

A

When you don’t see the anterior commissure in the sagittal section

56
Q

Part of the brain supplied by the PCA

A
  • Lateral view: Inferior temporal gyrus and occipital lobe
  • Basal view: More caudal, from cerebellum to the optic chiasm
57
Q

Parts of the brain supplied by MCA

A
  • Lateral view: Superior and middle temporal gyri, and everything but the top parts of the frontal and parietal lobes (everything but the edges of the brain)
  • Basal view: Lateral edges of the brain
58
Q

Parts of the brain supplied by ACA

A
  • Lateral view: top edge of the frontal and parietal lobe
  • Basal view: Rostral part of the brain, only the medial part of the brain above the optic chiasm
59
Q

Draw the circle of Willis

A

Draw it or visualize!

60
Q

Difference between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke

A
  • Ischemic stroke: rupture in an artery causes blood leakage into the brain
  • Hemorrhagic stroke: Clots or debris create a blockage of blood in the brain
61
Q

What role do microglia play in strokes

A

Microglia cause the swelling of the brain in hemorrhagic strokes

62
Q

What artery is usually the cause of a stroke

A

Middle cerebral artery

63
Q

Angiography

A

Blood vessels are filled with an X-ray blocking dye (radiopaque) then an X-ray is taken. This provides a detailed view of the cerebral blood vessel

64
Q

Computerized axial tomography (CT/CAT)

A

X-ray of different slices of the brain put together

65
Q

Resolution of CT scans and functional use

A
  • Medium resolution
  • Makes it useful for visualizing strokes and tumors
66
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Magnetic energy is used to generate images

67
Q

Resolution of MRI and functional use

A
  • Higher resolution
  • Reveals subtle changes in the brain such as the loss of myelin
68
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

A form of MRI where the diffusion of water in the confined space of axons (fractional anisotropy) is used to produce image of fiber tracts

69
Q

Fractional anisotropy (FA)

A

Water tends to diffuse more readily along the long axis of an enclosed space such as an axon

70
Q

DTI tractography

A

Using DTI to visualize the orientation and termination of white matter tracts

71
Q

Function of DTI

A

Allows us to create a complete map of neural connections in our nervous system

72
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Radioactive chemicals are injected into the bloodstream and CT scans are taken to map the destination of the chemicals in the brain

73
Q

Function of PET

A

Depict the brain’s activity, usually done by administering glucose while subject is performing cognitive tasks

74
Q

Functional MRI

A

MRI that detects changes in blood flow

75
Q

Resolution of fMRI

A
  • High spatial resolution
  • Low temporal resolution bc it gathers data over relatively long periods of time to put them together
76
Q

Function of fMRI

A

Allows us to see synaptic inputs ad local processing

77
Q

Optical imaging

A

Using near-infrared light that passes easily through the scalp and skull

78
Q

Function of optical imaging

A

Represent electrical signals of neurons and blood flow

79
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

Stimulation of cortical neurons through application of strong magnetic fields

80
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

Ultrasensitive detectors create real-time maps of cortical activity during cognitive processing

81
Q

Resolution of MEG

A
  • Very high temporal resolution: responds very quickly to moment-by-moment changes in brain activity
82
Q

What did brain imaging show in someone in a coma?

A

Researchers asked somebody in a coma to imagine playing tennis, and the corresponding SMA and PMC had shown activity

83
Q

Brain imaging method with fastest temporal resolution

A

MEG and EEG: detect very fast changes in the brain

84
Q

Brain imaging method with slowest temporal resolution

A

PET

85
Q

Brain imaging method with lowest spatial resolution

A

MEG and EEG: not very accurate spatial resolution, don’t provide detailed images

86
Q

Brain imaging method with highest spatial resolution

A

MRI/fMRI: provides very fine structural detail in images

87
Q

6 layers of the neocortex

A
  • Molecular
  • External granular
  • External pyramidal
  • Internal granular
  • Internal pyramidal
  • Multiform/fusiform
88
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

Main output neurons of the cerebral cortex and make up 75% of the cortex

89
Q

Betz cells

A

A large pyramidal cell only found in the internal pyramidal layer

90
Q

Oblique dendrite

A

Dendrite that branches from an apical dendrite

91
Q

Fusiform cell

A

Found in the fusiform layer, and are usually projection cells

92
Q

Stellate/granular cells

A

Small cells with processes that project in all planes, found everywhere except the molecular layer of cortex

93
Q

Horizontal cells of Cajal

A

Only found in the molecular part of the cortex

94
Q

Cells of Martinotti

A

Multipolar neurons that are most densely located within the fusiform layer

95
Q

Example of afferent (sensory) connection

A

Special thalamocortical axon

96
Q

Example of efferent connection

A

Recurrent collateral?

Biological Psychology (10 decks)

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