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Biological Psychology > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What parts of the brain were removed in H.M.

A

Medial temporal lobe

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2
Q

What effects on memory were observed post surgery in H.M.

A
  • Anterograde amnesia: the inability to form new memories
  • Very limited capacity of short term memories
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3
Q

Declarative memory

A

Memory that we can declare to others such as facts and information acquired through learning

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4
Q

Procedural memory

A

Things you learn by doing, such as muscle memory

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5
Q

H.M.’s performance on the mirror tracing task

A

H.M. would make less errors as he kept practicing tracing a shape in a mirror even though he did not remember doing this task

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6
Q

Delayed non-matching-to-sample task

A

Participant must choose the stimulus not previously seen, testing object recognition memory

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7
Q

Lesion of what brain structures lead to the most impairment on delayed non-matching-to-sample task

A

Entorhinal, parahippocampal, perirhinal cortex as well as the hippocampus

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8
Q

Brain region responsible for sense of familiarity

A

Perirhinal cortex

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9
Q

Brain region responsible for recognition of an object

A

Hippocampus

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10
Q

Diencephalon structures implicated in formation of declarative memories

A

Medial thalamus and mamillary bodies

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11
Q

Episodic memory

A

Particular incidents or particular time and place

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12
Q

Semantic memory

A

Recollection of a word, concept, or number

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13
Q

Steps in current model of declarative memory formation

A
  1. Sensory processing in the cortex
  2. Sent to medial temporal lobe (parahippocampal, entorhinal, perirhinal cortex)
  3. Processed in the hippocampus
  4. Medial diencephalon (mamillary bodies)
  5. Declarative memory storage in the cortex
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14
Q

What effect do medial temporal lesions have on priming tasks

A

People with medial temporal lesions are…
- Worst at free recall
- Better at cued recall (only given parts of the word i.e dis & che)
- Best at completion (given space for missing letters i.e. dis____ & che___)

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15
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Eliciting a response (salivating) through pairing an unconditioned stimulus (food) with a conditioned stimulus (bell)

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16
Q

Delay conditioning

A

Conditioned stimulus occurs then some time later (the delay), the unconditioned stimulus occurs while CS is still happening and the two terminate together

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17
Q

Effect of medial temporal lobe amnesia on delay conditioning

A

The conditioning response is intact

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18
Q

Trace conditioning

A

Conditioned stimulus is presented then ends, then after an interval of time the unconditioned stimulus is presented then ends

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19
Q

Effect of medial temporal lobe amnesia on trace conditioning

A

The conditioned stimulus is hard to remember due to no overlap, which leads to impaired conditioning

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20
Q

Associative learning

A

Two unrelated events become related through conditioning

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21
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A form of associative learning where consequences influence likelihood of an act being performed

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22
Q

Cognitive map

A

Mental representation of spatial relationships

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23
Q

Place cells

A

Neurons in the hippocampus that fire when in a certain location

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24
Q

Grid cells

A

Neurons that fire when an animal crosses an intersection of an abstract grid map
- Work as an innate sense of latitude and longitude

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25
Q

What type of memory is impaired in medial temporal lobe amnesia and what type is intact

A

Impaired: declarative memory (semantic memory, trace conditioning, spatial memory)
Intact: non-declarative memory (priming, skill learning, delay conditioning)

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26
Q

Working memory

A

Can remember working memories well, but only for a short period of time

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27
Q

What part of the brain is involved in working memory

A

Prefrontal cortex

28
Q

Long term memory

A

Takes longer to remember well due to long term changes such as protein synthesis

29
Q

Consolidation

A

The process of rehearsing or using information to commit it to long term memory

30
Q

Encoding of declarative memories

A

An event has coactive neurons with various interlinked sensory attributes which each project to the corresponding brain structures

31
Q

Retrieval of declarative memories before consolidation

A

A retrieval cue activates hippocampus which then activates sensory brain structures associated with event

32
Q

Retrieval of consolidated memory

A

A retrieval cue no longer involves the hippocampus and instead activates sensory brain structures in the cortex

33
Q

Experiment involved in spatial location recognition memory

A

Study phase - rat goes into any 8 arms
Test phase - Doors block all but 2 arms: arm entered in study and one random arm
Correct response - Entering the arm previously entered in study phase

34
Q

Lesioning what brain region leads to impairment in spatial location recognition tasks?

A

Hippocampus

35
Q

Experiment involved in response recognition memory

A

Rats receive food only if they turn to the same side of their body in both parts of the experiment

36
Q

Lesioning what brain region leads to impairment in response recognition tasks?

A

Striatum

37
Q

What is a double dissociation experiment

A

When two related mental processes function independently of each other

38
Q

Explain the double dissociation of the hippocampus and the striatum in terms of spatial and response memory

A

Spatial memory: hippocampus does poorly while the striatum does well
Response memory: hippocampus does well while the striatum does poorly

39
Q

Evidence of competition among memory systems

A

In a task that tests both place and response learning, inactivating the hippocampus leads to better performance in response tasks (controlled by striatum) and vice versa

40
Q

Brain region involved in priming

A

Neocortex

41
Q

Brain region involved in procedural memory

A

Striatum, motor cortex, cerebellum

42
Q

Brain region involved in classical conditioning

A

Amygdala and cerebellum

43
Q

How does our brain account for the instability of system that is highly plastic

A

Some areas of our brain are very plastic while some are more stable and less subject to change

44
Q

Hebbian theory

A

Neurons that fire together, wire together
- Leads to increase in synaptic efficiency

45
Q

Types of conditions rats can be placed in

A

Standard condition: housed in small groups in standard lab cages
Impoverished condition: housed individually in standard lab cages
Enriched condition: housed in large social groups in cages containing various toys and other features

46
Q

What effect does the rat’s condition have on apical dendrites

A

No change

47
Q

What effect does the rat’s condition have on basal dendrites

A

Rats placed in enriched conditions have more branching on the 3rd order of branch (as well as overall)

48
Q

Short term changes in neurons that lead to increased PSP

A
  • More NT released from presynaptic neuron
  • Larger receptive field on postsynaptic neuron
  • Synapse enlarges on either side of synapse
49
Q

Long term/more stable changes in neurons

A
  • Interneuron affects polarization of presynaptic terminal leading to increased released of NT
  • Formation of new synapses
  • Rearrangement of synaptic input
50
Q

Pathway of information through hippocampus

A
  1. Input to hippocampus through Entorhinal cortex
  2. Neurons from Entorhinal cortex synapse onto dentate gyrus
  3. Mossy fibers (axons from granule cells) connect the dentate gyrus and CA3 pyramidal cells
  4. Schaffer collaterals connect CA3 and CA1 pyramidal cells
51
Q

Tetanus

A

Intense volley of action potentials

52
Q

What happens to EPSP in Input 1 when a tetanus is given to Input 1 followed by baseline voltage

A

After the tetanus, the amplitude of the EPSP is much higher than before even when same level of input is given before and after tetanus

53
Q

What happens to EPSP in Input 2 when a tetanus is given to Input 1 followed by baseline voltage

A

No change in EPSP is observed, demonstrating LTP is input specific

54
Q

NMDA receptors during normal synaptic transmission

A

Inactive due to magnesium blockage

55
Q

AMPA receptors during normal synaptic transmission

A

Depolarize the cell when activated

56
Q

How is the magnesium block in NMDA released

A

A strong depolarization releases magnesium from the NMDA receptor leading to influx of calcium

57
Q

What effect does calcium have in the synapse

A

Increased [Ca] leads to activation of protein kinases, which adds AMPA receptors to the postsynaptic membrane as well as enhanced NT release

58
Q

How is the synapse affected after induction of LTP

A

More neurotransmitter is released and there are more AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic membrane, which leads to rapid and stronger responses

59
Q

Steps in neurochemical cascade during LTP induction

A
  1. Rapid influx of calcium
  2. High [calcium] activate protein kinases which activate protein
  3. CREB bind to cAMP which regulates transcription of many genes
  4. Changes in transcription -> change in protein, some of which are necessary to maintain LTP
60
Q

Conditioned stimulus in coincidence detector

A
  • The weak synapse and where the change takes place
  • Where NMDA receptors are
  • Conditioned stimulus doesn’t depolarize cell enough to activate NMDA receptors
61
Q

Unconditioned stimulus in coincidence detector

A
  • A strong stimulus that works on the motor neuron
62
Q

How does the coincidence detector work

A
  • Motor neuron in system releases neurotransmitter
  • Unconditioned stimulus causes strong depolarization
  • Occurrence of both events at the same time causes unblocking of NDMA receptor at weak synapse and influx of calcium
  • Leads to pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimulus
63
Q

Aplysia sea slug

A

Has a siphon through which it draws water, and if you squirt water at the siphon it retracts its delicate gills

64
Q

Aplysia as a model for memory formation

A

Changes in the synapse between gill motor neuron and a sensory cell that detects the squirt of water lead to habituation to the squirts of water
- Release less transmitter and retracts some synaptic terminals

65
Q

What occurs before training in eyeblink conditioning

A
  • Puff of air on eye leads to reflexive blinking
  • Information about puff of air is sent to the cerebellum (which in the future can trigger eye blinking through cranial nerves)
66
Q

What occurs during training in eyeblink conditioning

A
  • Bell is sounded when puff of air is administered, leading to pairing of the two stimuli
  • Info about the bell is sent to cerebellum where it converges with impulses of air puff on specific neurons
  • Repeated pairing leads to strengthening on these synapses
67
Q

What occurs after training in eyeblink conditioning

A
  • Sound of the bell drives cerebellum to trigger an eye blink thru cranial nerves even if no air puff occurs (conditioned response)
  • Repeated presentation of the bell without air puff leads to extinction

Biological Psychology (10 decks)

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