Cellular Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Multipolar neurons
A nerve cell with many dendrites and a single axon
Where are bipolar neurons usually found
Sensory systems
Bipolar neurons
Have a single dendrite and one axon
Where are unipolar neurons usually found
In embryonic structures
What are unipolar neurons
Axon that branches into two directions from the soma
Dendrite to dendrite
Dendrodentritic
Axon terminal to dendrite
Axodendritic
Terminal to extracellular fluid
Axoextracellular
Terminal on cell body
Axosomatic
Terminal to terminal
Axosynaptic
Terminal to another axon
Axoaxonic
Terminal to blood vessel
Axosecretory
Golgi apparatus
Tags proteins and puts them in vesicles to be exported
Smooth ER
Produces lipids and detoxifies
Rough ER
Ribosomes on the rough ER produce proteins to be exported out of the cell (these are Nissl substances)
Mitochondria
Energy production
Polyribosome
Cluster of ribosomes that translate an mRNA molecule
Stains the cell body but not the processes
Nissl stain
Stains all processes in the cell, but only gets taken up by some cells
Golgi stain
Using antibodies with colorful labels that bind to a certain protein
Immunohistochemistry/immunocytochemistry
Labels target mRNA sequences/transcripts
In situ hybridization
Substances are transported over the route of their axons
Tract tracers
Using different colors to show relative concentration of proteins
Brainbow
What happened in mice after motor learning?
More dendritic spines were formed in mice who had successfully motor trained
What type of experiment is mice after motor training?
Behavioral
How is spine formation after learning dependent on region and type of learning?
Mice who underwent motor learning in the contralateral forelimb motor cortex had the most spine formation
What does the region/learning specific experiment tell us about dendritic elimination?
Mice will undergo an increase of dendritic formation after learning, then both groups of mice will undergo dendritic elimination
Stains that trace axonal projections from the source to point of termination
Anterograde stain
Stains that trace neural connections from point of termination to their source
Retrograde stain
What is a type of retrograde stain
HRP
What is a type of anterograde stain
Biocytin
What do astrocytes do
- Help facilitate the BBB
- Bring nutrition from blood to neuron by putting processes on capillaries and neurons
What process is exclusively found in astrocytes?
The GABA/glutamate cycle and enzyme that facilitates it
What is the function of microglia
Microglia are a defense mechanism which engulf debris and destroy debris
What myelinates the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
What myelinates the PNS?
Schwann cells
What do ependymal glia do?
Line cavities such as ventricles and the central canal
Where are ependymal cells found?
CNS
Where are microglia found? What is their counterpart?
CNS, their counterpart in the PNS are macrophages (not glial cells)
Where are satellite cells found?
PNS
What is the function of satellite cells?
Surround somas to regulate environment
What role can microglia play in helping pathologies?
In Alzheimers, the brain stops firing certain oscillations. Microglia were activated by 40 Hz frequency which helped pathologies related to Alzheimers.
What is the Nogo protein?
A protein found in the CNS which inhibits axonal regeneration, which is why the PNS can “heal” but the CNS cannot.
What is 2 photon microscopy?
2 photons are simultaneously excited with longer wavelength than an emitted light, which can lead to very good spatial resolution
