Cellular Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Multipolar neurons

Answer 1

A nerve cell with many dendrites and a single axon

Question 2

Where are bipolar neurons usually found

Answer 2

Sensory systems

Question 3

Bipolar neurons

Answer 3

Have a single dendrite and one axon

Question 4

Where are unipolar neurons usually found

Answer 4

In embryonic structures

Question 5

What are unipolar neurons

Answer 5

Axon that branches into two directions from the soma

Question 6

Dendrite to dendrite

Answer 6

Dendrodentritic

Question 7

Axon terminal to dendrite

Answer 7

Axodendritic

Question 8

Terminal to extracellular fluid

Answer 8

Axoextracellular

Question 9

Terminal on cell body

Answer 9

Axosomatic

Question 10

Terminal to terminal

Answer 10

Axosynaptic

Question 11

Terminal to another axon

Answer 11

Axoaxonic

Question 12

Terminal to blood vessel

Answer 12

Axosecretory

Question 13

Golgi apparatus

Answer 13

Tags proteins and puts them in vesicles to be exported

Question 14

Smooth ER

Answer 14

Produces lipids and detoxifies

Question 15

Rough ER

Answer 15

Ribosomes on the rough ER produce proteins to be exported out of the cell (these are Nissl substances)

Question 16

Mitochondria

Answer 16

Energy production

Question 17

Polyribosome

Answer 17

Cluster of ribosomes that translate an mRNA molecule

Question 18

Stains the cell body but not the processes

Answer 18

Nissl stain

Question 19

Stains all processes in the cell, but only gets taken up by some cells

Answer 19

Golgi stain

Question 20

Using antibodies with colorful labels that bind to a certain protein

Answer 20

Immunohistochemistry/immunocytochemistry

Question 21

Labels target mRNA sequences/transcripts

Answer 21

In situ hybridization

Question 22

Substances are transported over the route of their axons

Answer 22

Tract tracers

Question 23

Using different colors to show relative concentration of proteins

Answer 23

Brainbow

Question 24

What happened in mice after motor learning?

Answer 24

More dendritic spines were formed in mice who had successfully motor trained

Question 25

What type of experiment is mice after motor training?

Answer 25

Behavioral

Question 26

How is spine formation after learning dependent on region and type of learning?

Answer 26

Mice who underwent motor learning in the contralateral forelimb motor cortex had the most spine formation

Question 27

What does the region/learning specific experiment tell us about dendritic elimination?

Answer 27

Mice will undergo an increase of dendritic formation after learning, then both groups of mice will undergo dendritic elimination

Question 28

Stains that trace axonal projections from the source to point of termination

Answer 28

Anterograde stain

Question 29

Stains that trace neural connections from point of termination to their source

Answer 29

Retrograde stain

Question 30

What is a type of retrograde stain

Answer 30

HRP

Question 31

What is a type of anterograde stain

Answer 31

Biocytin

Question 32

What do astrocytes do

Answer 32

- Help facilitate the BBB - Bring nutrition from blood to neuron by putting processes on capillaries and neurons

Question 33

What process is exclusively found in astrocytes?

Answer 33

The GABA/glutamate cycle and enzyme that facilitates it

Question 34

What is the function of microglia

Answer 34

Microglia are a defense mechanism which engulf debris and destroy debris

Question 35

What myelinates the CNS?

Answer 35

Oligodendrocytes

Question 36

What myelinates the PNS?

Answer 36

Schwann cells

Question 37

What do ependymal glia do?

Answer 37

Line cavities such as ventricles and the central canal

Question 38

Where are ependymal cells found?

Answer 38

CNS

Question 39

Where are microglia found? What is their counterpart?

Answer 39

CNS, their counterpart in the PNS are macrophages (not glial cells)

Question 40

Where are satellite cells found?

Answer 40

PNS

Question 41

What is the function of satellite cells?

Answer 41

Surround somas to regulate environment

Question 42

What role can microglia play in helping pathologies?

Answer 42

In Alzheimers, the brain stops firing certain oscillations. Microglia were activated by 40 Hz frequency which helped pathologies related to Alzheimers.

Question 43

What is the Nogo protein?

Answer 43

A protein found in the CNS which inhibits axonal regeneration, which is why the PNS can "heal" but the CNS cannot.

Question 44

What is 2 photon microscopy?

Answer 44

2 photons are simultaneously excited with longer wavelength than an emitted light, which can lead to very good spatial resolution