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Biological Psychology > Sleeping and Biological Rhythms > Flashcards

Sleeping and Biological Rhythms Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens electrically when a neuron fires?

A

Positive current flows into the dendrite leaving the extracellular fluid around dendrite slightly negative. The positive current then escapes at deeper parts of the neuron leading to slightly positive extracellular fluid there.

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2
Q

What do EEGs measure?

A

EEGs measure the change in voltage through thick layers of tissue

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3
Q

What role does synchronization play in EEG signals?

A

When neuron responses are synchronized, the EEG signals are much larger than if unsynchronized.

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4
Q

Beta activity

A

High frequencies with low amplitudes

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5
Q

EEG characteristics of a waking state

A

EEGs are desynchronized, with beta activity

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6
Q

What frequency are alpha rhythms?

A

8-13 Hz

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7
Q

EEG characteristics of Stage 1 sleep

A

Alpha rhythms appear during relaxation and sharp waves called vertex spikes appear during stage 1.

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8
Q

What frequency are sleep spindles?

A

12-14 Hz

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9
Q

K-complexes

A

Sharp negative EEG potential

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10
Q

EEG characteristics of Stage 2 sleep

A

Brief periods of sleep spindles and K complexes

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11
Q

Delta waves

A

The slowest type of EEG waves, with a frequency of 1 Hz

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12
Q

EEG characteristics of Stage 3 Sleep

A

Also know as slow wave sleep (SWS), it’s characterized by long and slow delta waves

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13
Q

EEG characteristics of REM sleep

A

EEG activity resembles waking activity despite deep muscle relaxation

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14
Q

What happens to REM sleep as the night goes on? (in a young adult)

A

REM sleep gets longer

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15
Q

What happens to SWS as the night goes on? (in a young adult)

A

We lose stage 3 sleep

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16
Q

Name two things that occur in the body during non-REM sleep

A
  • Heart rate and respiration have a slow decline
  • Brain temperature is decreased
  • Cerebral blood flow is reduced
  • Knee jerk reflex is normal
  • Eye movements are infrequent, slow, and uncoordinated
  • Thoughts are mostly vague with occasional dreams
  • High growth hormone secretion
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17
Q

Name two things that occur during REM sleep.

A
  • Heart rate and respiration are variable with high bursts
  • Brain temperature is increased
  • Cerebral blood flow is high
  • Knee jerk reflex is suppressed
  • Eye movements are rapid and coordinated
  • Vivid dreams
  • Low growth hormone secretion
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18
Q

How is sleep different in marine mammals?

A

One hemisphere is used for slow wave sleep and the other is used for REM sleep

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19
Q

How do sleep time and body size correlate?

A

In herbivores, the larger animals such as elephants sleep less while smaller ones like voles sleep more.

Carnivores sleep on average the same amount regardless of size

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20
Q

What does human sleep look like early in life?

A

We spend almost all the day sleeping, with half of it in REM sleep.

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21
Q

What does human sleep look like later in life?

A

We sleep about 8 hours a night with 20% of that spent in REM.

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22
Q

What does sleep look like in elderly people?

A

They wake up frequently, and have a severe reduction in slow wave sleep.

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23
Q

How did people perform on a memory retrieval test when exposed to an odor during SWS and testing?

A

People who did the test while re-exposed to the odor did better at recalling object locations.

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24
Q

What effects do anesthetics have on GABA receptors?

A

All anesthetics are some degree of agonist for GABA

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25
Q

What effects do anesthetics have on glutamate receptors?

A

Anesthetics antagonize glutamate receptors

26
Q

What effect on sleep is seen when the brain is cut at the level of the lower brainstem?

A

Normal sleep patterns with wakefulness, SWS, and REM are seen. This means systems controlling sleep are found in the brain.

27
Q

What effect on sleep is seen when the brain is cut at the level of the midbrain?

A

A constant SWS is exhibited, showing that the forebrain system promotes SWS while the brainstem facilitates REM and wakefulness.

28
Q

What role does the basal forebrain play in sleep

A

It releases GABA onto the hypothalamus to promote SWS

29
Q

What role does the brainstem play in sleep

A

The brainstem contains the reticular formation which is an arousal system

30
Q

What role does the subcoeruleus play in sleep

A

The subcoerulus sends projections to promote REM sleep

31
Q

What role does the medulla play in sleep

A

Medullary axons projecting to the spinal cord inhibit motor neurons which causes muscle atonia in sleep

32
Q

What role does the hypothalamus play in sleep

A

Sends axon to other sleep centers to enforce patterns of sleep using the neurotransmitter hypocretin

33
Q

Diurnal

A

Active during the light

34
Q

What pattern of activity do hamsters usually have?

A

Active during the night; nocturnal

35
Q

What happens to a hamster’s activity when a phase shift occurs?

A

The hamster showed a phase shift of activity, becoming active later as the lights turned off later.

36
Q

What happens to a hamster’s activity when it’s placed in constant dim light?

A

The hamster becomes active a few minutes later in the day, indicating an endogenous clock with a period slightly longer than 24 hours.

37
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

A

In the hypothalamus, above the optic chiasm and next to the 3rd ventricle

38
Q

What happens when SCN cells are isolated?

A

The cells show an activity with a ~24 hour rhythmicity

39
Q

What happened in hamsters when the SCN was lesioned in light/dark conditions?

A

The hamster still was more active when the lights weren’t on

40
Q

What happened in hamsters when the SCN was lesioned in continuous dim light?

A

The hamster had a completely random activity, indicating the elimination of the endogenous rhythm.

41
Q

Zeitgeber

A

A stimulus that entrains circadian rhythms

42
Q

What happens when you transplant SCN cells with a different circadian rhythm into a lesioned SCN?

A

The hamster with a lesioned SCN will adopt the circadian rhythm of the transplanted SCN.

43
Q

Pineal gland

A

The source of melatonin release, and a structure sensitive to light in some animals

44
Q

Melanopsin

A

A photopigment that causes retinal ganglion cells to be sensitive to light

45
Q

What type of light are retinal ganglion cells most sensitive to

A

Blue light

46
Q

Which two proteins bind together to form a dimer

A

Clock and Cycle

47
Q

Where are the Clock and Cycle proteins made

A

SCN

48
Q

What does the Clock/Cycle dimer bind to

A

It binds to DNA and enhances the transcription of Period (per) and Cryptochrome (Cry) genes

49
Q

When per and cry bind together, what do they inhibit?

A

The Clock/Cycle dimer

50
Q

What is the result of inhibiting the Clock/Cycle dimer?

A

Transcription of the per/cry genes are slowed, which slows production of the Per and Cry proteins

51
Q

What happens when Per/Cry protein production is slowed

A

The Per/Cry proteins start to break down

52
Q

What role does glutamate play in the molecular clock

A

Glutamate is released onto neurons in the SCN which amplifies transcription of per/cry proteins and entrains us to a 24 hour clock instead of our endogenous one

53
Q

Infradian

A

A biological rhythm with a period longer than a day, such as the menstrual cycle

54
Q

Circannual

A

A biological rhythm that runs on a yearly basis, with a mechanism separate from the SCN

55
Q

Ultradian

A

A biological rhythm with a period shorter than a day

56
Q

EOG

A

Electrical recording of eye movements

57
Q

EMG

A

Electrical recording of muscle activity

58
Q

What is the circadian rhythm of cortisol?

A

Higher in the morning and higher when you go to sleep

59
Q

Explain how a two neuron oscillator works

A

The first neuron excites an inhibitory second neuron which acts on the first neuron

60
Q

What causes the rhythm in a two neuron oscillator

A

Excitation of the inhibitory neuron leads the first neuron to stop firing, which stops the inhibition. The first neuron then fires again until the excitation on the inhibitory neuron stops the first neuron again

61
Q

What is observed in voltage recordings of neuron oscillators during sleep

A

Even when a short (>0.1 second) pulse of a stimulus current is fired, the neuron responded with 2 seconds of rhythmic firing

Biological Psychology (10 decks)

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