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Biological Psychology > Attention > Flashcards

Attention Flashcards

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1
Q

Posner cuing test

A

On a screen with a fixation point, a cue appears directing which way the participant should shift their attention. A target then appears on screen afterwards

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2
Q

Invalid Posner cuing test trial

A

Cue points to the opposite side of the screen where the target will appear

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3
Q

Valid Posner cuing test trial

A

Cue points to the same side of the screen where the target will appear

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4
Q

Neutral Posner cuing test trial

A

Cue points to either side of the screen

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5
Q

How do reaction times change for valid and invalid trails

A

Invalid trials have a much longer response time than valid trials, while neutral trials are in the middle

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6
Q

Reflexive capture of attention

A

On a screen with a fixation point, an unexpected stimulus pops up. After a delay, a target appears.

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7
Q

How do short delays affect reaction time in reflexive capture of attention

A

Short delays enhance reaction time in valid trials

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8
Q

How do long delays affect reaction time in reflexive capture of attention

A

Long delays cause slower reaction time in valid trials
- Have a faster reaction time for invalid trials than valid trials

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9
Q

Endogenous/top-down attention

A

Cuing yourself to redirect your attention (looking for somebody you know is coming from the other side of the street)

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10
Q

Exogenous/bottom-up attention

A

An external unexpected stimulus causes you to redirect your attention

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11
Q

Timeline and intensity of endogenous attention

A

Endogenous attention happens slowly, but can be maintained for longer periods of time

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12
Q

Timeline and intensity of exogenous attention

A

Exogenous attention happens rapidly, but fades very quickly unless the stimulus is important

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13
Q

Feature search

A

Looking for a single attribute (looking for a yellow object or looking for a square object)

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14
Q

Conjunction search

A

Looking for two or more attributes at the same time (looking for a yellow circle or a green square)

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15
Q

Reaction time differences for feature and conjunction search

A
  • Feature search has the fastest reaction time
  • Conjunction search with a present target is slower than feature search
  • Conjunction search with the target absent takes the longest time
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16
Q

Event related potentials

A

EEGs of multiple trials are averaged
- Earlier waveforms in the ERP are exogenous attention cues
- Later waveforms in the ERP are endogenous attention cues

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17
Q

N1 effect

A

Large negativity in the ERP occurring about 100 ms after presentation of a stimulus, which is enhanced for input we consciously direct our attention to

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18
Q

P3 effect

A

Large positivity in the ERP occuring 300-500 ms after presentation of a stimulus, which is associated with higher order processing and late selection effect of auditory stimuli

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19
Q

P1 effect

A

Large positivity in the ERP that occurs 70-100 ms after presentation of a stimulus, which is enhanced for VISUAL input we consciously direct our attention to

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20
Q

How does covert orientation of attention affect neural processing and detection

A

Valid cues that covertly direct attention toward a stimulus significantly enhance neural processing and detection shown by enhancements in P1 and N1 components in the ERP

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21
Q

N2pc effect

A

Second negativity after stimulus presentation that is triggered at occipitotemporal sites contralateral to visual target; reflects selective processing of targets

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22
Q

Pd effect

A

Large positivity associated with ignoring distractors

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23
Q

What ERP changes are observed when a participant is asked to attend to one stimulus and ignore another

A

N2pc is seen and associated with covert attention when instructed to focus on the red line, while Pd was a different ERP component associated with ignoring distractors

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24
Q

Information from which hemiretina crosses over

A

Nasal hemiretina

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25
Q

Information from which hemiretina stays ipsilateral

A

Temporal hemiretina

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26
Q

What do PET and fMRI scans show us about attention

A

Brain regions that process key aspects of the visual stimuli show an enhancement of activity

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27
Q

How does brain activity differ when covert attention is directed to one stimulus versus dividing it between two stimuli

A

Covert attention to one stimuli resulted in enhanced activity in one region of visual cortex; attention to two stimuli resulted in enhanced activity in two corresponding regions of the visual cortex

28
Q

What are some ways attention can change the activity of individual neurons?

A
  • Enhanced or suppressed response: neurons fire either more or less in response to possible stimuli
  • Tuning to more specific stimuli: neurons only fire for a smaller range of stimuli
  • Tuning to favor different stimulus: neurons fire for different stimuli
29
Q

Effect of preferred vs. ineffective visual stimuli within a receptive field on neuron activity

A

When attention was directed toward an ineffective stimulus within a receptive field without shifting gaze, rates of firing for a neuron were significantly diminished compared to a preferred stimulus

30
Q

How can attention affect receptive fields

A

Covertly shifting attention within a receptive field without shifting gaze can shift peak sensitivity within a receptive field (as well as shrink receptive field to reduce distractors)

31
Q

Superior colliculus and attention

A

Directs visual gaze and visual attention to intended stimuli (compared to covert stimuli)

32
Q

Pulvinar and attention

A

Important for orienting and shifting attention; directs and synchronizes relevant information in response to attentional demands

33
Q

Frontal eye field

A

Area in the frontal lobe that establishes gaze based on cognitive goals

34
Q

Dorsal frontoparietal system

A

Intraparietal sulcus and frontal eye field; cognitive control of voluntary attention

35
Q

Right temporoparietal system

A

Temporoparietal junction, ventral frontal cortex; reflexive capture of attention

36
Q

ER-fMRI

A

Event related fMRI; links rapid behavioral events to changes in activity of selected brain regions

37
Q

What brain patterns were seen in ER-fMRIs when directing voluntary attention

A

Enhanced activity in the frontal eye field and intraparietal sulcus

38
Q

What brain activity is seen when unexpected stimuli appear

A

Regardless of the location of the stimulus (right of left), brain activity is enhanced in the right temporoparietal junction when shifting attention to a new location

39
Q

Connection between IPS and TPJ systems

A

Allow for shift of attention between intended objects of attention as well as novel stimuli

40
Q

What is hemispatial neglect

A

Failure to pay attention to objects presented to one side of the body

41
Q

How does hemispatial neglect prove a lateralization of attention

A

People with hemispatial neglect ignore things on the left, reinforcing the idea of specialized attentional mechanisms in the right hemisphere
- Only drawing the right side of objects
- Failure to eat food on the left side of their plate
- Won’t dress the left side of their body

42
Q

What similarity in brain areas can be seen between people with hemispatial neglect and the cortical attention network

A

The areas lesioned in hemispatial neglect greatly overlap with the frontoparietal attention network

43
Q

Name 2-3 aspects of consciousness

A
  • Theory of mind
  • Mirror recognition
  • Imitation
  • Empathy and emotion
  • Tool use
  • Language
  • Metacognition (considering the content of our own thoughts and cognitions)
44
Q

Default mode

A

State of the brain when it’s awake, at rest. Most activated when we are introspective and reflective as opposed to focusing on external sitmuli (daydream network)

45
Q

What parts of the brain have reduced activity when unconscious

A

A frontoparietal network including:
- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- Medial frontal cortex
- Posterior parietal cortex
- Posterior cingulate

46
Q

Claustrum

A

Grey matter in between the external and extreme capsule

47
Q

What role does the claustrum play in consciousness

A

Its reciprocal connections with almost every area of the cortex lead to stimulation of the claustrum causing a switching off of conscious awareness

48
Q

Evidence that unconscious people can communicate

A

Two different mental images were used to create distinct yes or no patterns of brain activity; patients in a deep vegetative state showed similar brain activity when answering questions when compared to control subjects

49
Q

Easy problem of consciousness

A

Understanding how particular patterns of neural activity can create specific conscious experiences

50
Q

Hard problem of consciousness

A

How to read people’s subjective experience of consciousness

51
Q

Brain activity reflecting the easy problem of consciousness

A

Being able to interpret patterns of brain activity as responses to certain images or being asked to reconstruct a simple shape

52
Q

Brain activity reflecting the hard problem of consciousness

A

Being able to tell what color a person was looking at based off brain activity, but not knowing what it feels like in another person’s mind
- Can both identify a color as red but the color red might look different to two different people

53
Q

Evidence for a lack of free will

A

Participants are shown a screen flashing a random sequence of letters, and are asked to recall what letter was on the screen when they pressed a button on either the right or left
- Based on brain activity in decision making regions, scientists are able to predict which button participants will press up to 10 seconds before they press the button

54
Q

What major brain region separates humans from other animals

A

The prominence of our prefrontal cortex (PFC) compared to the rest of our cerebral cortex

55
Q

Phineas Gage

A

A man who underwent drastic behavioral changes after extreme damage to his frontal lobe

56
Q

Wisconsin card sorting test

A

Sort a card into a category based on rules that change every 10 seconds

57
Q

How does PFC damage affect performance on the Wisconsin card sorting task

A

PFC damage makes it hard to adapt to the changing rules; they keep sorting cards according to previous rules

58
Q

Dysexecutive syndrome

A

Diminished judgement and planning, diminished self care, motor programming deficits

59
Q

Disinhibited syndrome

A

Stimulus driven behavior, diminished social insight, distractibility

60
Q

Apathetic syndrome

A

Diminished spontaneity, diminished verbal output, increased response latency

61
Q

Prefrontal brain region affected in dysexecutive syndrome

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal

62
Q

Prefrontal brain region affected in disinhibited syndrome

A

Orbitofrontal prefrontal

63
Q

Prefrontal brain region affected in apathetic syndrome

A

Mediofrontal

64
Q

Stroop task

A

Read aloud color names printed in the same color (the word blue printed in blue) or incongruent color (the word blue printed in white)

65
Q

Controlled oral word association test

A

Saying as many words as possible that start with a specific letter

66
Q

Effect of cooling brain regions on delay tasks

A

Cooling the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex leads to a decrease in correct answers of a delay task compared to cooling the posterior parietal cortex

Biological Psychology (10 decks)

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