System Effects of Inflammation

Question 1

Acute-Phase Response refers to

Answer 1

Cytokine-induced systemic reaction; Caused by inflammation even if it is localized.

Question 2

Tell me about the three major cytokines involved in the acute-phase response, please.

Answer 2

Alright, so: IL-1, IL-6 & TNF.

Question 3

If you had been asked to describe the most common clinical and pathologic changes induced by the acute-phase reaction, what would be your answer?

Answer 3

• Fever, Acute-phase Proteins, and Leukocytosis.

Question 4

Exogenous (LPS) and Endogenous (IL-1, TNF) Pyrogens causing fever. Describe this mechanism.

Answer 4

• Exogenous pyrogens lead to the secretion of endogenous pyrogens - TNF and IL-1 for example.
• In turn, TNF & IL-1 activating the enzyme COX in the vascular and the perivascular cells of the hypothalamus, which produce and secret prostaglandins (PGE2 for example).
• PGs stimulate the production of neurotransmitters that reset the temperature set point at a higher level.
• NSAIDs block COX.

Question 5

The best known Acute-phase proteins:

Answer 5

• CRP
• Fibrinogen
• SAA (serum amyloid A)

Question 6

CRP and Fibrinogen produced by the liver in response to which mediator?

Answer 6

CRP & Fibrinogen production is stimulated by IL-6.

Question 7

In addition to activating COX, TNF and IL-1 stimulate the production of acute-phase protein, which is:

Answer 7

-SAA!!!

Question 8

CRP and SAA act as opsonins - true or false?

Answer 8

That is true.

Question 9

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate is a simple test to evaluate the inflammatory response of any reason. why is that?

Answer 9

• Because Fibrinogen binds to RBCs and causes them to form stacks called rouleaux. hence fibrinogen considered as an acute-phase protein, the sedimentation of RBCs can reflect its presence.

Question 10

Leukemoid reactions are?

Answer 10

• Elevation of blood WBC that resembles leukemia levels but caused by inflammation.

Question 11

Neautophilia is seen upon:

Answer 11

• Bacterial Inflammation

Question 12

Eosinophilia is seen upon:

Answer 12

• Some allergies

Question 13

In addition to activating COX and stimulating the production of acute-phase proteins, TNF & IL-1 also affecting the bone-marrow to accelerate the release of immature neutrophils from the reserve pool.
If you see a high number of immature neutrophils in the blood, how do you call that situation?

Answer 13

Left-shift.