System 1 & 2 - Exam 1

Question 1

Describe system 1

Answer 1

Dominant system, it’s an association machine that run automatically on low effort and there’s no voluntary control involved

Question 2

Describe system 2

Answer 2

System that requires more effort, yet it’s busy, lazy and has limits. It’s an effortful computation machine requiring attention and capacity, and it’s usually who we think we are. It’s usually off/on sleep mode and it has the ability to perform task sets

Question 3

When would system 1 be used

Answer 3

To make up causal stories and associations based on our impressions, intuitions, thoughts and feelings

Question 4

When would system 2 be used

Answer 4

To skill-build, when playing a sports game

Question 5

When is system 1 active vs system 2

Answer 5

system 1 is always active, it runs automatically. System 3 is on sleep mode and only active to compute more effortful tasks.

Question 6

How do system 1 and system 2 interact?

Answer 6

• When system 1 can’t solve a problem it relies on/activates system 2 although it has a limited attention/effort
• System 2 passively take in information from system 1 and make it beliefs, thoughts, voluntary actions (low effort mode)
• Through repetition and skill-building (practice), you might move behavior from system 2 to system 1

Question 7

Can system 1 and 2 be in conflict?

Answer 7

Yes!!! Dual process theory, system 1 (thoughts, intuitions, feelings, we can be overconfident in them, they come automatically) and system 2 (come up with beliefs that required attention and capacity) work differently so it would be very plausible they come up with different stories/solutions. E.g., diagnosing intuitively a mTBI but digging deeper, doing more scans because something does sit right

Question 8

What are the limitations of system 2?

Answer 8

There’s a limited amount of information to which you can actively attend to and a maximal amount of mental effort you can deploy
E.g.,

Question 9

How is System 1 an Association Machine?

Answer 9

Because it associate/tie together all active information into a story, causal explanations/narrative

Question 10

What is system 1 driven by?

Answer 10

Instincts/intuitions and our past experiences, what we know/already seen

Question 11

What is the concept of prime (be able to id different prime types or situations) and how does it interact with association machine? and how this many manifest in biases?*

Answer 11

Prime = the introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus. It works by activating an association or representation in memory just before another stimulus or task is introduced.

Priming is literally a process of associative activation, so it’s the mechanism by which system 1 function.

*It can manifest into biases because priming in system 1 (impression, intuitions, thoughts and feelings) is transferred passively in system 2. E.g.,

Question 12

What is cognitive ease

Answer 12

Cognitive ease or fluency is the measure of how easy it is for our brains to process information

Question 13

The role of cognitive ease and its components

Answer 13

To influence how we feel about something and whether we are motivated to invest our time and effort in it.

It’s components:
Levels of clear display, repeated experience, primed idea and good influence our ease. More cognitive ease –> feels more familiar, true, good, effortless

Question 14

Positive/negative priming

Answer 14

Priming influences processing speed. Positive priming makes processing faster and speeds up memory retrieval, while negative priming slows it down.

Question 15

Semantic priming

Answer 15

Words that are associated in a logical or linguistic way.

E.g., Responding to the word “banana” more rapidly after being primed with the word “yellow”

Question 16

Associative priming

Answer 16

Using two stimuli that are normally associated with one another.
When two words are often linked with one another in memory, the appearance of one of the words can prime the subject to respond more rapidly when the second word appears (cat and mouse for example)

Question 17

Repetition priming

Answer 17

Occurs when a stimulus and response are repeatedly paired. Because of this, subjects become more likely to respond in a certain way more quickly each time the stimulus appears.

Question 18

Perceptual priming

Answer 18

Involves stimuli that have similar forms. For example, the word “goat” will evoke a faster response when it is preceded by the word “boat” because the two words are perceptually similar.

Question 19

Conception priming

Answer 19

Involves a stimulus and response that are conceptually related. Words such as “seat” and “chair” are likely to show priming effects because they are in the same conceptual category.

Question 20

Masked priming

Answer 20

Involves part of the initial stimulus being obscured in some way, such as with hash marks. Even though the entire stimulus is not visible, it still evokes a response