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A-level Chemistry > Synthetic Routes > Flashcards

Synthetic Routes Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of reaction occurs to turn an alkane to an alkene?

A

Cracking

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2
Q

What type of reaction turns an Alkane to a haloalkane?

A

Radical substitution

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3
Q

What type of reaction turns and alkene into a haloalkane?

A

Halogenation

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4
Q

What type of reaction turns an alkene into a polymer?

A

Addition polymerisation

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5
Q

What type of reaction turns an alkene into an alcohol?

A

Hydrolysis

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6
Q

What type of reaction turns an alcohol to an alkene?

A

Dehydration

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7
Q

What type of reaction turns an alcohol into:

An aldehyde

A ketone

A carboxylic acid

A

Oxidation of primary alcohol goes to an aldehyde

Oxidation under reflux of a primary alcohol goes to a carboxylic acid

Oxidation of a secondary alcohol goes to a ketone

Tertiary alcohols do not oxidise easily

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8
Q

What type of reaction turns an alcohol to a haloalkane?

A

Substitution

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9
Q

What type of reaction turns a haloalkane into an alcohol?

A

Hydrolysis

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10
Q

What are the reaction conditions to turn an alkane to a haloalkane?

A

Cl2

U.V light

Free radical substitution

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11
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of primary amines from haloalkanes?

A

Ammonia

Heating

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12
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of secondary and tertiary amines and ammonium salts from haloalkanes?

A

Ammonia

Heating

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13
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of nitriles from haloalkanes?

A

KCN (potassium cyanide)

Ethanol

Reflux

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14
Q

What are the reaction conditions to synthesise a primary amine from a nitrile?

A

LiAlH4 with dilute H2SO4

In dry ether

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15
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of an alkene from a haloalkane?

A

NaOH

Ethanol

Reflux

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16
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of a haloalkane from an alkene?

A

HBr (hydrogen bromide)

Room temperature

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17
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of dibromoalkane from an alkene?

A

Br2

Room temperature

This is the test for unsaturation of hydrocarbons

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18
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of an alcohol from a haloalkane?

A

Warm NAOH

Reflux

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19
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of an alcohol form an alkene?

A

H3PO4 catalyst

Steam

300 degrees

60 atm

Or

H2O

H2SO4 catalyst

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20
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of an alkene from an alcohol?

A

Conc H2SO4

Reflux

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21
Q

What are the reaction conditions to synthesis of an aldehyde from an alcohol?

A

Primary alcohol

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Heat in distillation apparatus

22
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of a ketone from an alcohol?

A

Secondary alcohol

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Reflux

23
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of a carboxylic acid from an alcohol?

A

Primary alcohol

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Reflux

24
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde?

A

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Reflux

25
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of of an alcohol from an aldehyde/ketone?

A

NaBH4 in water

With methanol

26
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of an Ester from a carboxylic acid?

A

Alcohol

Conc H2SO4 catalyst

Heat

27
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of a carboxylic acid from an Ester?

A

H2O

Dilute H2SO4 catalyst

Reflux

Or

Dilute NaOH

Reflux

28
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of a hydroxynitrile from an aldehyde/ketone?

A

KCN or HCN

H2SO4

Room temperature

29
Q

What are the reaction conditions to synthesise a carboxylic acid from an acyl chloride?

A

H2O

Room temperature

30
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of an Ester from an acyl chloride?

A

Alcohol

Room temperature

31
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of a primary amide from an acyl chloride?

A

Ammonia

Room temperature

32
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of an N-substituted amide from an acyl chloride?

A

Amine

Room temperature

33
Q

How do acid anhydrides react?

A

In the same way as acyl chlorides

34
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of nitro benzene from benzene?

A

Conc H2SO4

Conc HNO3

Below 55 degrees

35
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of a phenyl ketone from benzene?

A

Acylation reaction

RCOCl acyl chloride

AlCl3 catalyst

Reflux

Non aqueous environment

36
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of an aromatic amine from nitro benzene?

A

Sn (Tin)

Conc HCl

Reflux

Reduction reaction

37
Q

What are the reaction conditions for the synthesis of an N-Phenylethanamide from an aromatic amine?

A

CH3COCl Acyl chloride

Addition elimination reaction

38
Q

What is the test for unsaturation?

A

Bromine water

Shake

Bromine water will decolourise if C=C binds are present as bromine is added across the double bond

39
Q

What is the test for haloalkanes?

A

Silver nitrate

Ethanol

Water

Precipitate forms and is a specific colour depending on the halide present

Halogen atom is displaced as a halide ion

40
Q

What is the test for carbonyl groups?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate

Aldehyde changes colour from orange to green and ketones have no colour change

Tollens reagent

Aldehyde forms a silver mirror
Ketone form no silver mirror

Fehlings reagent
Aldehydes form a dark red precipitate
Ketones do not form a precipitate

41
Q

What is the test for carboxylic acids?

A

Universal indicator

pH of a weak acid

Reactive metal
Effervescence of CO2 gas

Metal carbonate
Effervescence of a gas

42
Q

What is the test for an alcohol?

A

Warm with carboxylic acid add a few drops of H2SO4

Sweet smell

Forms an Ester

43
Q

How do you identify carboxylic acids?

A

React with

Metals to form a salt and hydrogen

Strong bases to form a salt and water

Carbonates to form a salt and water and CO2

Alcohols to form an Ester

44
Q

How do you identify esters?

A

Undergo hydrolysis

Acid hydrolysis forms carboxylic acid and alcohol

Alkaline hydrolysis forms a carboxylate ion and an alcohol

45
Q

How do you identify alkenes?

A

Undergo addition reactions

Bromine water becomes decolourised

Hydrogen halides form haloalkanes

Themselves to form addition polymers

46
Q

How do you identify alcohols?

A

Primary alcohols oxidise to football aldehydes

Secondary alcohols oxidise to from ketones

Tertiary alcohols do not oxidise

47
Q

How do you identify aldehydes and ketones?

A

Aldehydes oxidise to carboxylic acids

Aldehydes reduce to alcohols

Ketones reduce to alcohols

48
Q

How do you identify haloalkanes?

A

Ammonia to form amines

Reduced by alkaline hydrolysis to form alcohols

49
Q

Why is synthesis important for chemists?

A

To create particular products from starting materials

50
Q

What steps should you take to determine a synthetic route?

A
  1. Notice all changes taken place between original and final compound
  2. Start with one functional group and decide how to synthesise it
  3. Draw out this step
  4. Calculate how to convert second functional group
51
Q

What is the criteria scientists follow when synthesising compounds?

A

No solvent

Non hazardous starting material

Fewest reaction steps

High atomic yield

A-level Chemistry (33 decks)

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