Syntax Application Flashcards

1
Q

tree diagram

A

structure used to show which words are grouped together into natural units within other natural units in a hierarchical arrangement/speakers mentally represent sentences as a complex structure with internal organization

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2
Q

constituents

A

subunits/subtrees of the sentence

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3
Q

node

A

a place where the branches of the tree/subtree meets

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4
Q

“stand alone” test

A

if a group of words can stand alone, they are a constituent

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5
Q

“replacement by a pronoun” test

A

if a group of words can be replaced by a pronoun/word like “do,” it forms a constituent

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6
Q

“move-as-a-unit” test

A

if a group of words can be moved together & remain grammatical, they form a constituent

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7
Q

constituent structure

A

all constituents in the sentence

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8
Q

ambiguous

A

used to describe sentences where it has two or more meanings

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9
Q

lexical ambiguity

A

when a word has more than one meaning

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10
Q

structural ambiguity

A

when a sentence has more than one tree structure associated with it

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11
Q

generate

A

technical term for describe/specify

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12
Q

phrase/constituent structure tree

A

a tree diagram with syntactic category information

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13
Q

what do phrase/constituent structure tree represent?

A

the linear order of the words in the sentence, identification of syntactic categories of words & groups of words, hierarchical structure of syntactic categories

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14
Q

dominate

A

what every higher node does to all the categories beneath it

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15
Q

immediately dominate

A

what a node does to the category right below it

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16
Q

sisters

A

categories that are immediately dominated by the same node

17
Q

phrase structure (PS) rules

A

capture knowledge that speakers have about the possible structures of a language/template that a tree must match to be grammatical

18
Q

embedded sentence

A

a sentence within a sentence/often dependent phrases that were once independent

19
Q

head

A

a lexical category that is the core of the phrase

20
Q

complements

A

sister categories that occurs next to the head/elaborates the meaning of the head

21
Q

what is necessary in the phrase?

A

head/complements are optional

22
Q

intransitive verb

A

verb that does not require a direct object to indicate the person/thing acted upon

23
Q

C-selection/subcategorization

A

information about the complement types selected by particular verbs & other lexical items/included in lexical entries in our mental lexicon

24
Q

S-selection

A

a specification that imposes certain semantic requirements on its subjects & complements

25
specifiers
an element preceding the head
26
X-bar (x̄) schema
template/blueprint that specifies how the phrases of a language are organized/how PS rules are formed
27
subject-verb agreement
where the verb must agree with the subject
28
linear agreement rule
the verb must agree with the head of the subject regardless of the number of words between the head noun and the verb
29
structure dependent agreement rule
the verb agrees in person & number with the subject of the sentence where subject is NP immediately dominated by S
30
declarative sentences
the sentence must assert some information
31
yes-no questions
sentence is asking for a confirmation of the information
32
Aux inversion
an example of the transformational rule/when an auxiliary verb switches places with its subject
33
transformational rule
converting one phrase marker into another
34
deep structures/d-structures
basic structures of sentences
35
surface structures/s-structures
variants of the basic sentence structures/the ones that follow the application of transformational rules
36
wh- questions
who, what, when, where, which questions
37
spell-out rules
rules that convert inflectional features (like past tense/third-person present tense) into their proper phonological forms