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11Lang - metalanguage > Syntax > Flashcards

Syntax Flashcards

1
Q

Noun phrase

A
  1. (det)2 (adv)* (adj)* N
  2. pronoun
  3. proper noun
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2
Q

Verb phrase

A

(mod) (aux)2 lex

can include adverbs

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3
Q

Prepositional phrase

A
  1. prep + NP
  2. prep
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4
Q

Tests for phrases

A
  1. substitution (replace with a single word)
  2. movement (move as a whole)
  3. can have phrases within phrases
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5
Q

How can prepositional phrases function?

A
  1. adjectival - describe a noun
  2. adverbial - when, where, how, how much, how often
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6
Q

Types of clauses

A
  1. independent/main
  2. dependent/subordinate
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7
Q

What is a main clause?

A

can stand alone

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8
Q

What is a subordinate clause?

A

can’t stand alone

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9
Q

Types of subordinate clause

A
  1. non-finite verb
  2. relative
  3. subordinating conjunction
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10
Q

Clause v. phrase

A

clauses = subject + verb that agree
(although the subject can be omitted)

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11
Q

What is a subject?

A
  1. the noun phrase that comes before the verb
  2. (most of the time) that ‘does’ the action of the verb
    NOTE must identify the whole phrase
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12
Q

What are the forms of ‘to be’?

A

be / being / been / is / am / are / was / were

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13
Q

What are the forms of ‘to do’?

A

do / doing / done / did / does

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14
Q

What are the forms of ‘to have’?

A

have / has / had / having

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15
Q

What is a direct object?

A
  1. a NP directly influenced/affected by the action of the verb
  2. always comes after the verb
  3. answers ‘who’ ‘what’
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16
Q

What is an indirect object?

A
  1. a NP that is indirectly affected/influenced by the action of the verb
  2. always comes after the verb
  3. often comes (or could come) after a preposition
  4. answers ‘to whom’ ‘for whom’ ‘for what’
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17
Q

a transitive verb

A

takes a direct object

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18
Q

a ditransitive verb

A

takes a direct AND indirect object

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19
Q

an intransitive verb

A

takes no object

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20
Q

True or false? A verb can only be transitive, ditransitive or intransitive

A

False - you need to look at the given sentence

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21
Q

a copular verb

A

is when the subject and the complement (the ‘thing’ on the other side of the verb) refer to the same entity

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22
Q

True or false? A complement is always a noun phrase

A

False - it can be an adjective, a prepositional phrase, a clause etc. (e.g. I am happy)

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23
Q

a complement

A

is the entity on the other side of a copular verb

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24
Q

True or false? A verb can be intransitive and copular

A

True - if it is copular, it is not taking an object so is intransitive

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25
Q

What are the three tenses?

A

past, present, future

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26
Q

What are the four aspects?

A

simple, perfect, progressive, perfect progressive

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27
Q

Which morpheme indicates the progressive aspect?

28
Q

Which auxiliary verb indicates the perfect aspect?

29
Q

Which modal verb indicates future tense?

30
Q

Past or present? Has

31
Q

Past or present? Have

32
Q

Past or present? Had

33
Q

What is a finite verb?

A
  1. first verb in the phrase (of a main clause)
  2. indicates tense, number, person
  3. all modal verbs
34
Q

What is a non-finite verb?

A
  1. does not indicate tense, number or person
  2. all infinitive verbs ‘to __’
  3. all -ing participles, -en participles (e.g. eaten)
35
Q

Relative clause

A
  1. begin with relative pronoun (these can be omitted)
  2. provide more information about the preceding noun
36
Q

person

A

first, second, third

37
Q

first person

A
  1. the action is happening to the narrator
  2. I, we, us, me, my, mine, our
38
Q

second person

39
Q

third person

A
  1. the action is happening to someone that is not the narrator
  2. he, she, it, they, him, her, theirs
40
Q

plural

A

more than one

41
Q

singular

42
Q

number

A

singular or plural

43
Q

comparative

A

comparing two things
1. -er
2. more

44
Q

superlative

A

saying one thing is the best (most super)
1. -est
2. most

45
Q

sentence types

A

declarative
imperative
interrogative
exclamative

46
Q

declarative

A
  1. SV(X)
  2. a statement
  3. can be fact, opinion, neutral, commanding, long, short etc.
47
Q

interrogative

A
  1. inversion of subject + (aux) V
  2. question word + inversion of subject + (aux) V
  3. a question
  4. NOT indicated by punctuation or rising intonation etc.
48
Q

imperative

A
  1. V(X)
  2. implied but omitted second person subject
  3. a command
  4. CAN include polite forms and names
49
Q

exclamative

A
  1. what/how + statement
  2. NOT indicated by punctuation
  3. must include a verb to be a sentence / otherwise exclamative fragment
50
Q

sentence structure

A

simple
compound
complex
compound-complex

51
Q

simple sentence

52
Q

compound sentence

A
  1. two (or more) main clauses
  2. joined by FANBOYS or ;
53
Q

FANBOYS

A

for and nor but or yet so

54
Q

co-ordinating conjunctions

A

FANBOYS
for and nor but or yet so

55
Q

is because a co-ordinating or subordinating conjunction?

A

subordinating

56
Q

is but a co-ordinating or subordinating conjunction?

A

co-ordinating

57
Q

complex sentence

A

one main clause + two (or more) sub clauses

58
Q

compound-complex sentence

A

two (or more) main clauses + one (or more) sub clauses

59
Q

steps to find sentence structure

A
  1. find + highlight verb phrases
  2. find clause boundaries and how they are joined
  3. determine types of clauses
  4. label sentence structure
60
Q

fragment

A

not a grammatically complete sentence

61
Q

ellipsis

A

leaving words out of a sentence

62
Q

types of voice

A
  1. active
  2. passive
  3. agentless passive
63
Q

active voice

A

the NP in subject position is actively doing the action of the verb
SV(X)

64
Q

passive voice

A

the NP in subject position is NOT doing the action of the verb
the NP doing the action of the verb is made an agent introduced by a ‘by phrase’

65
Q

to find passive voice

A
  1. check if the subject is ‘doing the verb’
  2. aux ‘to be’ in the verb phrase
  3. by phrase (agent)

note you can use ‘got’ instead of ‘to be’

11Lang - metalanguage (9 decks)

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