syntax Flashcards

1
Q

phrases

A

a group of related words without an agreeing subject and verb eg. ‘through the tunnel’, ‘had been caught’

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2
Q

clauses

A

group of words with a subject (that can be ellipted) and verb

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3
Q

sentences

A

grammatical structure made up of one or more clauses

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4
Q

types of sentence structures

A

sentence fragments; simple, compound, complex, compound-complex sentences

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5
Q

sentence fragments

A

missing some structural parts of a sentence and doesn’t not make sense on its own

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6
Q

simple, compound, complex, compound-complex sentences

A

simple - one clause
compound - two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction
complex - subordinate clause(s) joined to a principal (independent) clause
compound-complex - sentence contains both two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

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7
Q

ellipses

A

the omission of a grammatical element from a sentence where the meaning is still understood eg. ‘__ you like coffee?’

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8
Q

nominalisation

A

affects the structure of a clause as it involves a verb or adjective (mainly) being used as or transformed into a noun (nominal group) eg ‘the DECISION by the government…’ instead of ‘the government decided…’

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9
Q

coordination and subordination

A

coordination - the joining of clauses using coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, FANBOYS)
subordination - the joining of clauses through the use of subordinating conjunctions to create dependent clauses eg. ‘if I told you, it wouldn’t work, ALTHOUGH I’m not sure’

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10
Q

sentence types

A

declaratives, imperatives, interrogatives, exclamatives

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11
Q

declarative

A

sentence type that expresses a statement

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12
Q

imperative

A

sentence type that expresses a directive or a command

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13
Q

interrogative

A

sentence type that expresses a question, usually the subject and verb are inverted

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14
Q

exclamative

A

sentence type that starts with an interrogative pronoun but is an emotive statement eg ‘why that’s fantastic!’

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15
Q

subject

A

noun phrase or pronoun that is the actor of a verb in a clause (if passive structure then subject is the noun phrase or pronoun that starts the sentence)

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16
Q

object

A

noun phrase or pronoun that receives the action of the verb

17
Q

complement

A

noun phrase or pronoun or adjective following a form of the verb ‘to be’ that modifies or refers to the subject eg. ‘you are beautiful’

18
Q

adverbial

A

lexeme or phrase that modifies a verb phrase. it relates to time, manner or place eg ‘ IN THE MORNING I will study’

19
Q

active voice

A

grammatical construction in which the subject is the actor of the verb in a clause eg. ‘she was lying to me’

20
Q

syntactic patterning

A

PAL
parallelism
antithesis
listing

21
Q

parallelism

A
Parallel sentence structures
layering & packaging of nps
mirrored structures
build semantic thread
memorable
creates cohesion
22
Q

antithesis

A

Antonyms in a parallel structure

23
Q

listing

A

commas divide noun phrases
layering & packaging
creates semantic thread

24
Q

function of nominalisation

A

makes something a concept
more authoritative objective & professional
created using derivational morpheme

25
information flow (a discourse ft) and how it relates to syntax
contribute to texts cohesion clefting, front focus & end focus sentence organisation (highlight important ft)
26
it clefts
DumS + V + S + relative pronoun + clause | eg. Meg kicked the winning goal > it was meg who kicked the winning goal
27
what clefts
What + subj noun clause (SNCL) + V + NP | eg. I really want answers > what I really want are answers
28
end focus
moves grammatically complicated & heavily modified structures to end
29
existential sentences
related to end focus & end weight create empty subject using p.noun 'there' eg. there are many endangered species in Aus
30
front focus
highlights beginning of sentence greater prominence for elements that would usually come later places something other than subj NP at start can be created by fronting, inversion, passive voice
31
information flow (factors)
clefting end focus front focus
32
fronting
DC or phrase moved to the start of a sentence (before the IC) to qualify or set the scene
33
inversion
S and V are swapped. Creates dramatic style & tone eg 'numerous are those who...' more literary planned and drafted