syntax

Question 1

phrases

Answer 1

a group of related words without an agreeing subject and verb eg. ‘through the tunnel’, ‘had been caught’

Question 2

clauses

Answer 2

group of words with a subject (that can be ellipted) and verb

Question 3

sentences

Answer 3

grammatical structure made up of one or more clauses

Question 4

types of sentence structures

Answer 4

sentence fragments; simple, compound, complex, compound-complex sentences

Question 5

sentence fragments

Answer 5

missing some structural parts of a sentence and doesn’t not make sense on its own

Question 6

simple, compound, complex, compound-complex sentences

Answer 6

simple - one clause
compound - two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction
complex - subordinate clause(s) joined to a principal (independent) clause
compound-complex - sentence contains both two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

Question 7

ellipses

Answer 7

the omission of a grammatical element from a sentence where the meaning is still understood eg. ‘__ you like coffee?’

Question 8

nominalisation

Answer 8

affects the structure of a clause as it involves a verb or adjective (mainly) being used as or transformed into a noun (nominal group) eg ‘the DECISION by the government…’ instead of ‘the government decided…’

Question 9

coordination and subordination

Answer 9

coordination - the joining of clauses using coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, FANBOYS)
subordination - the joining of clauses through the use of subordinating conjunctions to create dependent clauses eg. ‘if I told you, it wouldn’t work, ALTHOUGH I’m not sure’

Question 10

sentence types

Answer 10

declaratives, imperatives, interrogatives, exclamatives

Question 11

declarative

Answer 11

sentence type that expresses a statement

Question 12

imperative

Answer 12

sentence type that expresses a directive or a command

Question 13

interrogative

Answer 13

sentence type that expresses a question, usually the subject and verb are inverted

Question 14

exclamative

Answer 14

sentence type that starts with an interrogative pronoun but is an emotive statement eg ‘why that’s fantastic!’

Question 15

subject

Answer 15

noun phrase or pronoun that is the actor of a verb in a clause (if passive structure then subject is the noun phrase or pronoun that starts the sentence)

Question 16

object

Answer 16

noun phrase or pronoun that receives the action of the verb

Question 17

complement

Answer 17

noun phrase or pronoun or adjective following a form of the verb ‘to be’ that modifies or refers to the subject eg. ‘you are beautiful’

Question 18

adverbial

Answer 18

lexeme or phrase that modifies a verb phrase. it relates to time, manner or place eg ‘ IN THE MORNING I will study’

Question 19

active voice

Answer 19

grammatical construction in which the subject is the actor of the verb in a clause eg. ‘she was lying to me’

Question 20

syntactic patterning

Answer 20

PAL
parallelism
antithesis
listing

Question 21

parallelism

Answer 21

Parallel sentence structures
layering & packaging of nps
mirrored structures
build semantic thread
memorable
creates cohesion

Question 22

antithesis

Answer 22

Antonyms in a parallel structure

Question 23

listing

Answer 23

commas divide noun phrases
layering & packaging
creates semantic thread

Question 24

function of nominalisation

Answer 24

makes something a concept
more authoritative objective & professional
created using derivational morpheme

Question 25

information flow (a discourse ft) and how it relates to syntax

Answer 25

contribute to texts cohesion
clefting, front focus & end focus
sentence organisation (highlight important ft)

Question 26

it clefts

Answer 26

DumS + V + S + relative pronoun + clause

eg. Meg kicked the winning goal > it was meg who kicked the winning goal

Question 27

what clefts

Answer 27

What + subj noun clause (SNCL) + V + NP

eg. I really want answers > what I really want are answers

Question 28

end focus

Answer 28

moves grammatically complicated & heavily modified structures to end

Question 29

existential sentences

Answer 29

related to end focus & end weight
create empty subject using p.noun ‘there’
eg. there are many endangered species in Aus

Question 30

front focus

Answer 30

highlights beginning of sentence
greater prominence for elements that would usually come later
places something other than subj NP at start
can be created by fronting, inversion, passive voice

Question 31

information flow (factors)

Answer 31

clefting
end focus
front focus

Question 32

fronting

Answer 32

DC or phrase moved to the start of a sentence (before the IC) to qualify or set the scene

Question 33

inversion

Answer 33

S and V are swapped. Creates dramatic style & tone
eg ‘numerous are those who…’
more literary
planned and drafted