morphology and lexicology Flashcards
nouns
word class with naming function, often a person place or thing. can be:
concrete/common: can touch and feel it eg. ‘tree’
abstract: cannot physically touch it eg ‘happiness’
collective: denotes group of people or things eg. ‘flock’
proper: eg ‘Canberra’
verbs
express states, actions or processes eg. ‘am’ ‘to paint’ ‘singing’
auxiliary verbs
verb which precedes the participle (lexical) verb in a verb phrase. eg. ‘the children HAVE finished their hw’.
modal verbs
auxiliary verbs that make reference to obligation, possibility and prediction. certainty/ definitive
Must, should, would, could, may, can, might, will, shall
adjectives
describes or modifies a noun eg ‘STUNNING mountain’
adverbs
describes the actin of a verb, can act as an intensifier/modifier. eg ‘he ALWAYS suggests that’
prepositions
denotes a positional relationship between nouns eg ‘in’ ‘beside’
pronouns
stands in for a noun eg. ‘she’ ‘he’
conjunctions
joins or connects two words, phrases or clauses eg ‘because’ ‘although’ ‘but’
determiners
specifies number or definiteness of a noun. typically introduces a noun eg ‘THAT horse’ ‘HER bike’
interjections
sudden, brief utterance that is not often part of a syntactic structure eg ‘wow’ ‘ugh’
function/closed class words
prepositions, pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, aux and mod verbs
content/open class words
adjectives, adverbs, nouns, lexical verbs, interjections
prefix
bound morpheme that occurs before a stem eg REwire
suffix
bound morpheme that occurs at end of a stem eg happiNESS
infix
morpheme that exists within a stem eg fan-BLOODY-tastic
inflectional morpheme
indicate grammatical information ie. tense and number and possession (the child’s dog) eg. childREN
derivational morpheme
indicates word class eg. singER (‘sing’=verb; ‘singer’=noun). Can also change meaning of a word eg professional -> unprofessional
root, bound, free morphemes
root- stem of the word/morph that carries the most amount of meaning to which other morphemes may be added eg. ‘reSTRUCTURing’
bound- cannot stand alone eg ‘speakER’
free - can stand alone as a lexeme eg. ‘BUILDer’
word formation processes
blends, acronym, backformation, initialisms, compounding, shortenings, contractions, collocations, neologisms, borrowing, commonisation, archaism
morphological patterning
conversion of word class, creative word formation
collocations
two or more words that are connected as they frequently occur together (often as part of set phrase) eg. strong coffee, merry Christmas, cake of soap
neologism
newly coined word or phrase eg. trolling
archaism
form of word loss whereby a word becomes considered old fashioned or outdated eg wherefore
coordinating conjunctions
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, FANBOYS
commonisation
proper noun becomes a common noun through general use eg esky, bandaid, glad wrap.
morphological patterning
conversion of word class; creative word formation
conversion of word class
word changes work class but does not change its structure. eg Google (proper noun) > google (verb)
