syncope

Question 1

transient loss of consciousness TLOC

Answer 1

a state of real or apparent loss of consciousness with loss of awareness, characterised by amnesia for the period of unconsciousness, loos of motor control, loss of responsiveness and a short duration

Question 2

causes of TLOC

Answer 2

syncope
trauma
epileptic seizures

Question 3

syncope

Answer 3

transient loss of consciousness due to cerebral hypoperfusion, characterised by rapid onset, short duration and spontaneous complete recovery

Question 4

reflex syncope

Answer 4

all types of syncope which neural reflexes modify heart rate, cardioinhibition, vascular tone, vasodepression, predispoing to a fall on MAP, systemic hypotension

Question 5

vasovagal syncope

Answer 5

most common
triggered by emotional distress or orthostatic stress
typical prodrome - pallor, sweating, swallowing
maim risk is injury is falling
treatment - education, reassurance, avoidance of triggers, adequate hydration

Question 6

situational syncope

Answer 6

after a specific trigger - cough, micturition, swallowing 
less common 
treat cause 
advise patient to lie down 
avoid dehydration and excessive alcohol

Question 7

carotid sinus syncope

Answer 7

mechanical manipulation of the neck
more common in elderly males
may be associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis
after head and neck surgery or radiation
cardiac permanent pacing recommended

Question 8

cardiac syncope

Answer 8

cardiac event resulting in sudden drop in cardiac output

Question 9

causes of cardiac syncope

Answer 9

arrhythmias - bradycardia or tachycardia
acute MI
structural cardiac disease - aortic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy