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Cardiology > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

1
Q

cardiac impulse

A

electrical signals which control the heart are generated within the heart itself

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2
Q

autorhythmic

A

heart is capable of beating rhythmically in the absence of external stimuli

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3
Q

SA node

A

sino atrial
in the upper right atrium close to where the superior vena cava enters
normally drives the entire heart
controlled by the SA is in sinus rhythm

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4
Q

AV node

A

atrio ventricular
small bundle of specialised cardiac cells
junction of the atria and ventricles
conduction is delayed in the AV node allowing atrial systole to precede ventricular systole

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5
Q

bundle of his and Purkinje fibres

A

allow rapid spread of action potential to the ventricles

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6
Q

SA to AV node

A

communication via gap junctions some internodal pathways

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7
Q

impulse in muscle cell

A

Na influx
decrease Na, increase Ca
decrease Ca, increase K
K efflux

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8
Q

actin

A

thin filament

causes the lighter appearance in myofibrils and fibres

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9
Q

myosin

A

thick filament

causes the darker appearance

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10
Q

refractory period

A

period following an action potential in which it is not possible to produce another action potential

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11
Q

stroke volume

A

end diastolic - end systolic
regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms
end diastolic volume determines the cardiac preload
end diastolic volume is determined by venous return to the heart

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12
Q

Frank-Starling curve

A

relationship between venous return, end diastolic volume and stroke volume

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13
Q

afterload

A

the resistance into which the heart is pumping

extra load is imposed after the heart has contracted

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14
Q

cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heart rate

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15
Q

cardiac cycle

A 
passive filling 
atrial contraction 
isovolumetric ventricular contraction
ventricular ejection 
isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
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16
Q

passive filling

A

pressure in atria and ventricle are almost zero
AV valves open so venous returns flow into ventricles
aortic valve is closed
ventricles 80% full by passive filling

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17
Q

atrial contraction

A

P wave signal atrial depolarisation
atria contract between P wave and QRS
complete the end diastolic volume

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18
Q

isovolumetric ventricular contraction

A

after QRS
ventricular pressure rises
when ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure the AV valve closes LUB
ventricular pressure rises steeply as aortic valve is still closed

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19
Q

ventricular ejection

A

when the ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure the aortic valves open
stroke volume is ejected aortic pressure rises
t wave is ventricular depolarisation
ventricle relaxes and pressure starts to fall
when ventricular pressure is below aortic, valves close DUB

20
Q

isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

A

tension falls in ventricles

ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure AV valve opens

21
Q

leads and wires

A

12 leads and 10 physical wires

22
Q

repolarisation

A

epicardium to the endocardium

outside to inside

23
Q

standard limb leads

A

I, II and III

bipolar

24
Q

augmented voltage leads

A

aVR, aVL and aVF

unipolar

25
Q

chest leads

A

V1-V6

precordial

26
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarisation

27
Q

Q

A

depolarisation across septum left to right

28
Q

R

A

main free walls of the ventricles depolarise

29
Q

S

A

ventricles at the base depolarise

30
Q

QRS

A

ventricular depolarisation

<0.10

31
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarisation

32
Q

PR interval

A

start of P to start of QRS
SA node impulse to reach the ventricles
0.12-0.3

33
Q

ST segments

A

ventricles contract

34
Q

TP segment

A

ventricles relax

35
Q

analysing ECG

A 
Name and DOB
Date and time of ECG
calibration of ECG paper
determine axis
workout the rate and rhythm 
look at individual leads for changes
36
Q

workout the rate and rhythm

A 
is electrical activity present 
is the rhythm regular or irregular 
what is the heart rate 
P waves present 
PR interval 
P wave followed by QRS 
QRS duration normal
37
Q

blood pressure

A

outward pressure exerted dby the blood on blood vessels

38
Q

hypertension

A

140/90 or higher clinic

135/85 daytime average

39
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic - diastolic

40
Q

pressure gradient

A

mean arterial pressure - central venous pressure

41
Q

postural hypotension

A

failure of baroreceptor response to gravitational shifts in blood
within 3 minutes of standing to lying
systolic drop by 20 with or without symptoms, or diastolic drop 10 with symptoms

42
Q

postural hypotension risk factors

A 
age 
medication 
certain diseases 
reduced intravascular volume 
prolonged bed rest
43
Q

extracellular fluid volume

A

ECFV = plasma volume + interstitial fluid volume

44
Q

factors affecting extracellular fluid volume

A

water excess or deficit

Na excess or deficit

45
Q

hormones regulate extracellular fluid volume

A

Renin angitension aldosterone system RAS
Natriuretic peptides NPs
antidiuretic hormone ADH

Cardiology (14 decks)

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