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synaptic transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Opening Na channels

A

depolarises the cell (excitatory)

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2
Q

Opening K+ channels

A

hyperpolarises the cell (inhibitory)

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3
Q

Opening Cl- channel

A

hyperpolarises the cell (inhibitory)

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4
Q

Opening Ca+ channels

A

depolarises the cell (excitatory)

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5
Q

EPSPs

A

excitatory post synaptic potentials

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6
Q
  • Excitatory PSPs
A

○ Depolarise the membrane (more +ve)
○ Open some Na+ or Ca+ channels
○ Increases probability of AP

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7
Q

IPSPs

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potentials

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8
Q

Inhibitory post synaptic potentials

A

○ Hyperpolarise membrane (more negative)
○ Open some Cl- or K+ channels
○ Decreases probability of AP

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9
Q

post synaptic potentials

A
  • PSPs are not all or nothing
    • They are graded
    • ESPSs and IPSPs are summed (spatially and temporally) to decided whether the neurone generates an AP
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10
Q

Threshold for AP generation

A
  • If the axon trigger zone exceeds -55mV, all voltage gated Na+ channels open and AP is generated
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11
Q

all voltage gated Na+ channels open and AP is generated when

A

If the axon trigger zone exceeds -55mV

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12
Q

The sum of all IPSPs and EPSPs cause

A

either depolarisation of hyperpolarisation

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13
Q

IPSPs cause

A

hyperpolarisation

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14
Q

EPSPs cause

A

depolarisation

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15
Q

2 ways neurones generate PSPs

A

direct electrical transmission

by use of a chemical mediator

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16
Q

○ Direct electrical transmission

A

§ Rare

§ Cardiac muscle, some types of smooth muscle and some neurons

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17
Q

By use of a chemical mediator

A

§ Common

§ Neuron and muscle, neuron and neuron, sensory receptor cells and neurons

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18
Q

direct electrical synapses

A
  • APs (ions) travel through gap junctions between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
    • Synapse has gap junctions - hole in the plasma membrane of both cells where ions can flow through
      ○ Allows Na to flow into the post synaptic neurone
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19
Q

Chemical synapses

A
  • Neurotransmitter molecules cross the synapse and signal the post synaptic neuron by binding receptors and inducing change
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20
Q

○ Glutamate decarboxylase

A

Takes off a carboxyl group and it changes from glutamate to GABA

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21
Q

choline acetyltransferase

A

puts Acetyl CoA and choline together to make acetyl choline

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22
Q

adrenaline made from

A

modified tyrosine

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23
Q

how are neurotransmitters stored

A

in vesicles

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24
Q

where are nuerotransmitter containing vesicles stored

A

docked at the cell membrane

25
how are nuerotransmitter containing vesicles released
exocytosis
26
how is exocytosis of neurotransmitter containing vesicle triggered
action potential
27
v-snare on neurotransmitter vesicle
synaptobrevin
28
t-snare on cell membrane
SNAP
29
why do synaptobrevin and SNAP only partially assemble
blocked by complexin | stops them from binding
30
how does SNAP and synaptobrevin fuse
- Synaptotagmin is activated by Ca+ and moves complexin out the way
31
synaptotagmin is activated by
Calcium
32
how does calcium get to the presynaptic nerve
presynaptic terminus contains voltage gated calcium channels instead of voltage gated sodium channels AP depolarises and Ca channels open Ca binds synaptotagmin
33
2 classes of receptors
ionotropic and metabotropic
34
ionotropic receptors
open/close an ion channel | ○ Ligand gated ion channels
35
metabotropic receptors
○ Active an enzyme ○ Ligand binding outside cell activates enzyme inside the cell ○ Receptor tyrosine kinases, G-protein coupled receptors
36
acetyl choline nuerotransmitter can have multiple effects
- Excitatory: Nicotinic - opens Na+ channels | - Inhibitory: Muscarinic - opens K+ channels
37
two main neurotransmitters of the CNS
glutamate and GABA
38
two main neurotransmitters of the PNS
acetylcholine and noradrenaline
39
glutamate is
dominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS
40
glutamate acts via
iGluRs and mGluRs | inotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors
41
iGluRs activated by glutamate
AMPA - Na Channel NMDA Na and Ca channel both EPSPs
42
GABA is
The dominant inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter
43
GABA binds
GABA alpha receptors (ionotorpic) | GABA beta receptors (metabotropic)
44
GABA alpha receptors
ionotropic Cl- channels causing influx of Cl- causing hyper polarisation IPSP
45
acetyl choline
○ Excitatory or inhibitory | PNS nuerotransmitter
46
when is acetyl choline excitatory
§ Nicotinic receptors □ Ionotropic - ligand gated Na+ channel □ Always excitatory
47
when is acetyl choline inhibitory
§ Muscarinic - often inhibitory, can be excitatory | □ Metabotropic - activates enzymes
48
noradrenaline
PNS nuerotransmitter | excitatory or inhibitory
49
2 types of receptors triggered by noradrenaline
alpha and beta adrenergic | moth metabotropic, activate enzymes and can be excitatory or inhibitory
50
heart rate is controlled by
acetyl choline and noradrenaline
51
noradrenaline and acetyl choline are
- Antogonists - one is excitatory and one is inhibitory
52
speeding up heart rate
- Noradrenaline -excitatory | ○ Bind to beta adrengeric which opens ca;cium channel to excite the cell - heart rate speeds up
53
slowing heart rate
- Acytyl choline binds to muscarinic receptor to open potassium chanel to hyperpolarise the cell and inhibit it to slow the heart rate
54
2 ways of stopping neurotransmitters
neurotransmitter reuptake | nuerotransmitter degredation
55
- Neurotransmitter reuptake
○ Uptake by presynaptic neuron or local glial cells | ○ Most NT: serotonin, glutamate, dopamine, noradrenaline, GABA
56
- Neurotransmitter degradation
○ Enzymes in the synapse chew up neurotransmitter molecules | ○ Mostly done with acetyl choline
57
making acetyl choline
choline acetyltransferase
58
degrading acetyl choline
acetylcholinesterase
59
how is the process of clearing nuerotransmitter sped up
glial cells uptake nuerotransmitter

Physiology (13 decks)

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