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Physiology > Cellular physiology > Flashcards

Cellular physiology Flashcards

1
Q

why do organelles have membranes

A

to keep things contained eg. especially those things that might be damaging to the cell such as free radicals

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2
Q

membranous organelles examples

A

○ Nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, vesicles

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3
Q

non-membranous organelles examples

A

○ Ribosomes, centrioles, flagella

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4
Q

largest organelle is

A

nucleus (5 micrometer diameter)

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5
Q

example of nuclear cell

A

red blood cell

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6
Q

example of multinucleate cell

A

skeletal muscle cell

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7
Q

chromatin composed of

A

DNA and protein (that hold it together)

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8
Q

ribosome biogenesis occurs at

A

nucleoli

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9
Q

nucleoli are

A

protein/DNA/RNA masses

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10
Q

nuclear envelope made of

A

double phospholipid bilayer

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11
Q

nuclear envelope has

A

○ Perforated by nuclear pores formed by rings of proteins

§ Regulate molecular traffic through envelope

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12
Q

ribosomes are

A
  • Protein-making machines

○ Very small molecular machines

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13
Q

ribosomes are found

A

○ Found free in the cytoplasm’s, or on membranes (RER, nuclear envelope) or in other organelles (nucleus, mitochondria)

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14
Q

ribosomes do

A

○ They read coded genetic messages (messenger RNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code (called translation)

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15
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • System of channels (cisternae: flat sacks) enclosed by a membrane
    ○ Continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope
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16
Q

name of channels of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

cisternae

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17
Q

smooth ER

A

no ribosomes
□ Synthesises fats and lipids
□ Synthesised steroid hormones
□ Detoxifies alcohol and other drugs
□ Calcium storage (esp. in muscle = sarcoplasmic reticulum)

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18
Q

rough ER

A

is covered with ribosomes
□ Produces phospholipids and proteins of the plasma membrane
□ Synthesises proteins that are packaged in other organelles or secreted from the cell
□ Ribosomes make proteins

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19
Q

space between the two nuclear membranes

A

fluid filled gap called the intermambrane space

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20
Q

outer membrane of the nucleus becomes

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

nuclear pores

A

create a gap between the nuclear envelope to allow things to get in and out

22
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • System of cisternae; synthesizes carbohydrates and puts finishing touches on proteins (post-translational mod)
23
Q

function of the Golgi apparatus

A

○ Receives newly synthesized proteins from rough ER (cis)
○ Adds carbohydrates/sulphates to come (glycosylation/sulfation)
○ Packages them into membrane bound vesicles (trans)
○ Sorts and targets proteins to their correct destinations
§ Some -> lysosomes
§ Some -> plasma membrane
§ Some -> secretes

24
Q

post translational protein modifications by the golgi apparatus

A

glycosylation - adding sugars

sulfonation - adding sulphates

25
Q

something leaving a cell

A

exocytosis

26
Q

something entering the cell

A

endocytosis

27
Q

types of endocytosis

A

big things - phagocytosis

small things - pinocytosis

28
Q

the cytoskeleton

A
  • Network of protein filaments and cylinders
    ○ Grow and shrink to determine cell shape, structure, organizes cell contents, move materials within cell and contribute to cell movement (yes, many cells are mobile)
29
Q

3 constituents of cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments, interveniate filaments, microtubules

30
Q

Microfilaments

A

6nm actin

§ Cell shape and movement

31
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

8-10nm

§ Provide mechanical strength

32
Q

Microtubules

A

tubulin
§ Intracellular transport
§ Position of organelles
§ Cell shape and division

33
Q

motor proteins

A

attaches vesicle onto a microtubule and moves it along the microtubule

34
Q

lysosomes

A

○ Membrane bound package of enzymes

○ Digestion of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids, and other substances

35
Q

peroxisomes

A

○ Use hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 -> H2O and O2)
○ Neutralise free radicals, detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and a variety of blood borne toxin
○ Break down fatty acids into acetyl groups for mitochondrial use in ATP synthesis

36
Q

difference between lysosomes and peroxisomes

A

lysosomes use enzymes, whereas peroxisomes use oxidation via (H2O2 -> H2O and O2)
peroxisomes are less selective

37
Q

proteosomes and autophagosomes

A
  • Clear old/damaged proteins and organelles to provide the cell with building blocks for renewal
    • Non-membrane bound
38
Q

proteosomes

A

digest proteins

○ Contain enzymes that break down targeted tagges (with ubiquitin) proteins into short peptides and amino acids

39
Q

Autophagosomes

A

digest organelles
○ They form, then engulf cellular contents, such as damaged proteins and organelles
○ Fuses with the lysosome, where the contents are degraded into smaller constituents

40
Q

main differences between proteosomes and autophagosomes

A

proteosomes digest proteins and autophagosomes digest organelles

41
Q

autophagosomes fuse with

A

lysosomes

42
Q

membrane of the mitochondria

A

double membrane

43
Q

inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

has folds called cristae

44
Q

spaces between the cristae are called

A

matrix

45
Q

matrix of the mitochondria contains

A

ribosomes, enxymes used for ATP synthesis, small circular DNA molecule mtDNA

46
Q

how is ATP generated

A
  • burn feuls in the mitochondria forcing protons into the inter membrane space
  • protons fall back into the centre and are driven through ATP synthase which mechanically adds a phosphate group onto ADP
47
Q

enzyme responsible for making ATP

A

ATP synthase

48
Q

ATP synthase works by

A

having protons driven through it

49
Q

3 types of junctions between cells

A

tight, desmosomes, gap

50
Q

tight junctions

A

(occluding)
○ Cell adhesion proteins (claudins) attached to plasma membranes
○ Seals gap between cells (prevent leakage in or out)

51
Q

desmosomes

A

○ Adheaerans junction
○ Cadherins attach to the cytoskeleton
○ Super strong - holds cells together

52
Q

gap junctions

A

(connexons)
○ Pores connecting cytoplasms
○ Allows direct communication between cells (shared cytoplasm)

Physiology (13 decks)

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