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Physiology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

below normal range of partial pressure of oxygen

A

hypoxia

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2
Q

above normal range of partial pressure of oxygen

A

hyperoxia

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3
Q

below normal range of partial pressure of carbon dioxide

A

hypocapnia

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4
Q

above normal range of partial pressure of carbon dioxide

A

hypercapnia

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5
Q

below normal range of concentration of sodium

A

hyponatraemia

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6
Q

above normal range of concentration of sodium

A

hypernatraemia

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7
Q

below normal range of concentration of potassium

A

hypokalemia

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8
Q

above normal range of concentration of potassium

A

hyperkalemia

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9
Q

below normal range of concentration of calcium

A

hypocalcemia

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10
Q

above normal range of concentration of calcium

A

hypercalcemia

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11
Q

below normal range of concentration of glucose

A

hypoglycaemia

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12
Q

above normal range of concentration of glucose

A

hyperglycemia

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13
Q

below normal temperature

A

hypothermia

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14
Q

above normal temperature

A

hyperthermia

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15
Q

below normal pH

A

acidosis

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16
Q

above normal pH

A

alkalosis

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17
Q

control systems operate via

A

negative feedback - opposing the direction of change

18
Q

afferent pathway

A

goes from stimulus/receptor toward integrating centre

19
Q

efferent pathway

A

from integrating centre to effector

20
Q

positive feedback

A

rare, non-homeostatic, increases the instability

21
Q

positive feedback examples

A

blood clotting, nueronal excitation, childbirth

22
Q

feed forward control

A

anticipatory alteration of effectors, independent of feedback

23
Q

parametric feed forward control

A

type of feed forward control

motor learning eg. ball throwing

24
Q

predictive homeostasis

A

anticipatory control

eg. increasing cardiac function in anticipation of exertion

25
Q

postural responses

A

triggered centrally before voluntary movements

26
Q

2 types of direct cellular communication

A

juxtacrine, gap junctions

27
Q

5 types of cellular communication via ECF

A

autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, neuronal, neuroendocrine

28
Q

juxtacrine cell communication

A

physical contact between cells

transmembrane proteins and phospholipids

29
Q

gap junctions

A

physical contact between cells
directly connects the two cytoplasms
allows for free passage of molecules and ions
heart, some smooth muscle

30
Q

autocrine signalling

A

cell signalling to itself
short distances <20 micrometers
monocytes use interleukin 1

31
Q

paracrine signalling

A

other cells not in physical contact

acts on nearby cells at short distances

32
Q

endocrine

A

long distances
transport via the blood stream
hormones binds to receptors e.g. insulin

33
Q

neuronal

A

long distances
target
noradrenaline, acetylcholine

34
Q

neuroendocrine

A 
combined neuronal and endocrine signalling 
neuron secretes hormones into the blood 
adrenal medulla (adrenaline) and posterior pituitary (ADH and oxytocin)
35
Q

baroreceptor reflex

A

response to increase blood pressure

36
Q

low pressure pressure identified by

A
  • Decreasing blood pressure is picked up by receptors between heart and brain
    ○ Barareceptors in arch of aorta are stretched less
    • Is the recepttors are triggered this is fed to medulla in control centre
37
Q

response to increase blood pressure

A
  • Increases cardiac output by increasing heart rate
    ○ Increased sypathetic and decreased parasympathetic
    ○ Increased secretion of epinephrine and norephrine
    • Increases heart rate and stroke volume
    • Vasoconstricts to maintain blood pressure
    • Increases blood pressure
    • Stimulus is removed
38
Q

blood sugar control - sugar too high

A
  • Beta cells in pancreases detect high blood glucose level and release insulin
    ○ Insulin released by beta cells in pancreas
    • Organs take up glucose and blood glucose drops and switches off initial signal
      ○ Liver converts glucose to glycogen fats and proteins
      ○ Muscle and other cells use glucose as an evergy source, or convert it to glycogen
39
Q

blood sugar control - glucose too low

A
  • Pancreas alpha cells detects low blood glucose and releases glucagon which releases glucose into the blood and removes initial signal
    ○ Liver converts glycogen to glucose
40
Q

positive feedback in childbirth

A
  • Head of fetus pushes against cervix
    • Nerve impulses from cervix transmitted to brain
    • Brain stimulates pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin
    • Oxytocin carried in bloodstream to uterus
    • Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes fetus toward cervix

Physiology (13 decks)

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