Synaptic Transmission

Question 1

Sherrington

Answer 1

pre and post synaptic neurons are separated by a gap (synapse)

Question 2

Loewi

Answer 2

discovered neurotransmitters/ neuromodulators

Question 3

axodendritic

Answer 3

axon => dendritic “connection”

Question 4

axosomatic

Answer 4

axon => soma “connection”

Question 5

axoaxoninc

Answer 5

axon => axon “connection”

Question 6

Direct Synapse

Answer 6

site of release and contact are in close proximity

Question 7

Nondirect Synapse

Answer 7

when the site of release and contact are further away from each other

Question 8

Large Neurotransmitter molecules

Answer 8

• synthesized in the cytoplasm of the cell body
• packaged in the Golgi Complex
• transported by microtubules to the button
• stored far from the presynaptic membrane

Question 9

Small Neurotransmitters

Answer 9

• synthesized in the cytoplasm of the terminal button
• packaged in the Golgi Complex
• no transport
• stored near the presynaptic membrane

Question 10

coexistence

Answer 10

many neurons have more than one neurotransmitter

Question 11

exocytosis

Answer 11

the process of neurotransmitter release

Question 12

dendritic spines

Answer 12

nodules of various shapes that located on the surfaces of many dendrites

Question 13

receptors

Answer 13

a protein that contains binding sights for particular neurotransmitters
the reason that neurotransmitters work and do what they’re supposed to

Question 14

ligand

Answer 14

any molecule that binds to another molecule

A NT is a ligand of a receptor

Question 15

ionotropic receptors

Answer 15

receptors that are ligand-activated

proteins pass through into the cell

Question 16

metabotropic receptors

Answer 16

receptors that are associated with signal proteins

G Proteins

Question 17

second messenger

Answer 17

when a metabotropic receptor is activated, it releases another chemical inside the cell

Question 18

autoreceptors

Answer 18

metabotropic receptors on the pre-synaptic membrane

-to maintain the appropriate levels of NT release

Question 19

small neurotransmitter release

Answer 19

• direct synapse
• ionotropic receptors/ metatropic receptors that act directly on ion channels
• transmits rapid PSPs

Question 20

large neurotransmitter release

Answer 20

• nondirect synapse
• metabotropic receptors that activate second messengers
• transmits slow, diffuse, long-lasting signals

Question 21

reuptake

Answer 21

usually how a synapse is deactivated

when a neuron releases a NT and takes it back in to recycle (it has to deactivate the synapse)

Question 22

enzymatic degradation

Answer 22

• how a synapse is deactivated

- NT is broken down by enzymes

Question 23

steps of synaptic transmission

Answer 23

1-NTs synthesized
2-NT stored in vesicles
3-NT that leaks out of vesicles is destroyed by enzymes
4-APs cause esicles to fuse w/ presynaptic membrane and release NT into synapse
5-NT binds w/ target
6-NT is deactivated w/ repute or enzymatic degradation

Question 24

Gap junctions (electrical synapses)

Answer 24

narrow spaces between neurons that are bridged w/ fine tubular channel, called connexins that contain cytoplasm
electrical signals and small molecules can pass directly from molecule to molecule

Question 25

connexins

Answer 25

the fine tubular channels that bridge Gap junctions

Question 26

tripartite synapse

Answer 26

atrocytes wrap around both pre/post synaptic neurons

Question 27

Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

Answer 27

building blocks of proteins * small NTs* - glutamine, spartane, glycine, GABA,

Question 28

glutamine

Answer 28

most prevalent excitatory NT

Question 29

GABA

Answer 29

most prevalent inhibitory NT

Question 30

Monoamine Neurotransmitters

Answer 30

- small NT - synthesized by a single Amino Acid * bigger/ more effects than amino Acids* - dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin

Question 31

catecholamines

Answer 31

a group of Monoamine Neurotransmitters - dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine * synthesized from AA tyrosine*

Question 32

indolamines

Answer 32

a group of Monoamine Neurotransmitters serotonin *synthesized from tryptophan*

Question 33

noradrenergic

Answer 33

adj: neurons that release norepinephrine

Question 34

adrenergic

Answer 34

adj: neurons that release epinephrine

Question 35

Acetylcholine

Answer 35

a small NT that is synthesized by adding acetyl to choline (milk/eggs)

Question 36

nicotinic receptor

Answer 36

receptor of acetylcholine | -ionotropic, activates muscles

Question 37

muscarinic recptor

Answer 37

recpts acetylcholine | -metabotropic, memory

Question 38

soluble-gas neurotransmitters

Answer 38

unconventional NTs - nitric oxide - carbon monoxide * exist briefly, pas through membranes, involved in retrograde transmission*

Question 39

endocannabinoids

Answer 39

NTs that are similar to the main psychoactive NT for marijuana (THC)

Question 40

anandamide

Answer 40

a type of endcannibinoid

Question 41

neuropeptide transmitters

Answer 41

5 categories | -they don't always act as NTs

Question 42

pituitary peptides

Answer 42

a neuropeptide category: 1st IDed as hormones released by pituitary

Question 43

hypothalamic peptides

Answer 43

a neuropeptide category: hormones released by the hypothalamus

Question 44

brain-gut peptides

Answer 44

a neuropeptide category: were first discovered in the gut

Question 45

opioid peptides

Answer 45

a neuropeptide category: similar in structure to the active NTs of opium

Question 46

miscellaneous peptides

Answer 46

a neuropeptide category: the rest of them, that don't fit into the other categories

Question 47

agonists

Answer 47

drugs that increase the activity of a specific NT

Question 48

antagonists

Answer 48

drugs that inhibit the activity of a specific NT