Structures of the Brain

Question 1

forebrain

Answer 1

made of Telencephalon and Diencephelon

-the upper most part of the brian

Question 2

midbrain

Answer 2

aka mesencephalon

Question 3

hindbrain

Answer 3

made up of Metencephalon and Myencephalon

-lowermost part of the brain

Question 4

Myelencephalon

Answer 4

aka medulla (top of the brain stem)
*part of the hindbrain*

Question 5

reticular formation

Answer 5

a complex network (not super distinct) of nuclei that runs from anterior to posterior of the Myelencephalon.

Question 6

Metencephalon

Answer 6

made up of pons and cerebellum

Question 7

pons

Answer 7

a bulge on the brain’s ventral (face side) surface

part of the metencephalon

Question 8

Cerebellum

Answer 8

large, convoluted structure on the brain stem’s dorsal (out the back) surface

• the thing that fits under the brain
• part of the metencephalon
• sensorimotor*

Question 9

Mesencephalon

Answer 9

made up of the tectum and the tegmentum

aka midbrain

Question 10

tectum

Answer 10

dorsal (out the back) surface of the midbrain

Question 11

tegmentum

Answer 11

the ventral (out the front) surface of the midbrain

Question 12

periaqueductal gray

Answer 12

the gray matter (cell bodies) around the cerebral aqueduct

• pain modulation
• defense mechanism
• maternal behavior

Question 13

cerebral aqueduct

Answer 13

the duct connecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles

Question 14

substantia nigra

Answer 14

black substance in the spinal cord

-movement planning

Question 15

red nucleas

Answer 15

in the spinal cord, made of iron

-motor coordination

Question 16

Diencephalon

Answer 16

made up of thalamus and hypothalamus

-part of the forebrain

Question 17

thalamus

Answer 17

top of the brain stem (the little eyeballs)

• processes/relays info to the cortex
• consciousness
• attention
• sleep/wake states

Question 18

massa intermedia

Answer 18

joins the 2 lobes of the thalamus together

Question 19

sensory relay nuclei

Answer 19

receive signals from sensory receptors, processes them, and sends them to the right part of the sensory cortex

Question 20

lateral geniculate nuclei

Answer 20

relays visual signals

-in the thalamus

Question 21

medial geniculate nuclei

Answer 21

relays auditory signals

-part of the thalamus

Question 22

ventral posterior nuclei

Answer 22

relays somatosensory signals

-part of the thalamus

Question 23

hypothalamus

Answer 23

part of the diencephalon

• below anterior thalamus
• regulates some motivations
• regulates release of hormones

Question 24

pituitary gland

Answer 24

a gland on the ventral surface of the brain (behind the nose)

• releases hormones
• part of the diencephalon

Question 25

optic chasm

Answer 25

the point where the optic nerves come together | -accounts for some axons to decussate (cross over to the other side of the brain)

Question 26

decussate

Answer 26

optic nerve axons cross over to the other side of the brain

Question 27

contralateral optic nerve fibers

Answer 27

the optic nerve fibers that decussate (cross over to the other side of the brain)

Question 28

ipsilateral optic nerve fibers

Answer 28

the optic nerve fibers that don't cross over to the other side of the brain

Question 29

mammilary bodies

Answer 29

*part of the hypothalamus behind the pituitary gland -

Question 30

Telencephalon

Answer 30

part of the forebrain - made up of the Cerebral Cortex, Lobes, neocortex, limbic system - most complex braon functions - involuntary movement - interprets sensory movement - cognitive processes

Question 31

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 31

layer of tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres

Question 32

gray matter

Answer 32

neurons with un-myelinated axons | cerebral cortex

Question 33

white matter

Answer 33

neurons with myelinated axons

Question 34

fissures

Answer 34

the large furrows in the cortex | *helps to divide up the brain*

Question 35

sulci

Answer 35

the small furrows in the cortex

Question 36

gyri

Answer 36

the ridges between the fissures and sulci

Question 37

longitudinal fissure

Answer 37

the fissure that splits the brain into 2 hemispheres

Question 38

cerebral commissures

Answer 38

hemisphere connecting tracts

Question 39

corpus callosum

Answer 39

the tract of nerves that connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain

Question 40

central fissure

Answer 40

in the middle of each hemisphere (on the diagonal)

Question 41

lateral fissure

Answer 41

from ear to ear (horizontal)

Question 42

neocortex

Answer 42

has six layers (1-6, surface-inner most) - it is 90% of the cortex (except the hippocampus) - variation of thickness of layers in different parts of the brain

Question 43

pyramidal cells

Answer 43

pyramid shaped cells in the neocortex

Question 44

stellate cells

Answer 44

star shaped interneurons in the neocortex

Question 45

layer 4 of the neocortex

Answer 45

gets input from the thalamus

Question 46

layer 5 of the neocortex

Answer 46

sends output to the calamus, brainstem, and spinal cord

Question 47

columnar organization

Answer 47

sometimes neurons in the neocortex organize in long vertical columns to form a circuit that performs a single function

Question 48

hippocampus

Answer 48

-part of the telencephalon part of the cortex -3 layers -memory, spatial location

Question 49

Limbic System

Answer 49

a circuit of midline structures the circle the thalamus -regulation in motivated behaviors 4 F's: fleeing, feeding, fighting, sexual behavior -amygdala, fornix, cingulate cortex, and septum

Question 50

amygdala

Answer 50

almond shaped nucleus in the anterior temporal lobe

Question 51

septum

Answer 51

midline nucleus on the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex

Question 52

basal ganglia

Answer 52

a circuit of midline structures lateral to the thalamus * striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus, nd substancia nigra* - voluntary motor responses- - parkinsons is when it doesn't work-

Question 53

caudate

Answer 53

comes out and around the amygdala | *basal ganglia*

Question 54

putamen

Answer 54

a series of fiber bridges that connect the caudate to the amygdala *basal ganglia*

Question 55

striatum

Answer 55

the caudate and putamen together | -a "striped structure"

Question 56

globus pallidus

Answer 56

between the thalamus and the caudate | -basal ganglia

Question 57

frontal lobe

Answer 57

lobe: thinking, planning, etc

Question 58

parietal lobe

Answer 58

lobe: sensory

Question 59

temporal lobe

Answer 59

lobe: hearing

Question 60

occipital lobe

Answer 60

lobe: hearing, etc

Question 61

precentral gyri

Answer 61

frontal lobe

Question 62

postcentral gyri

Answer 62

parietal lobe

Question 63

superior temporal gyri

Answer 63

temporal lobe

Question 64

cingulate gyri

Answer 64

inside of the frontal lobe

Question 65

fornix

Answer 65

a small string-like thing from the hippocampus to mammilary bodies