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SFI Test 1 > Synaptic transmission 2 > Flashcards

Synaptic transmission 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of neurotransmitters?

A

Small molecule - simple AA’s or AA-like compounds

Large molecule - Peptides

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2
Q

Where are small molecule neurotransmitters packaged?

A

Axon terminal

Proteins for synthesis are made in soma and sent to terminal

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3
Q

Where are large molecule neurotransmitters packaged?

A

Synthesized and packaged in the soma

Completely filled vesicle is transported to the axon terminal

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4
Q

What enzyme is responsible for ACh formation?

A

Acetylcholinetransferase

Located in axon terminal

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5
Q

What are the three catecholamines and what amino acid are they derived from?

A

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, epinephrine

Derived from tyrosine

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6
Q

What is the indoleamine and what amino acid is it derived from?

A

Serotonin

Tryptophan

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7
Q

What is the imidazoline and what amino acid is it derived from?

A

Histamine

Derived from histidine

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8
Q

What is the role of glycine?

A

Principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord

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9
Q

What is the role of glutamate?

A

Principle excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

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10
Q

What is the role of GABA?

A

Principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

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11
Q

How does ATP function as a neurotransmitter?

A

Released an then cleaved to form adenosine

Adenosine acts as a sleep signal

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12
Q

Describe nitric oxide as a neurotransmitter.

A

Membrane soluble gas

Synthesized directly in response to Ca influx, not stored in vesicles

Binds to cytosolic guanylyl cyclase in postsynaptic cells

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13
Q

What is co-expression?

A

Many neurons release 2 neurotransmitters

Typically one small and one peptide

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14
Q

What are the two types of neurotransmitter receptors?

A

Ionotropic - direct

Mtabotropic - indirect

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15
Q

What are four important ionotropic receptors?

A

Nicotinic ACh receptor

GABAa

AMPA

NMDA glutamate receptor

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16
Q

What is a postsynaptic potential?

A

Change in postsynaptic ion permeability caused by released neurotransmitter

17
Q

What is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

A

Postsynaptic repsonse which increases the probability that postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential

Generally depolarizes

18
Q

What is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?

A

Postsynaptic response which decreases the probability that postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential

May hyperpolarize

19
Q

How can an increase in conductance cause an EPSP?

A

Opens an ionotropic cation channel

Permeable to both Na and K ions

Sometime also Ca

20
Q

Describe the driving forces for Na and K at resting potential

A

Na is inward, K is outward

Na is many times larger than K driving force

21
Q

What is the net current flow when the cation channel is open?

A

The net current flow is inward and the cell will depolarize

Due to Na driving force being larger than K

22
Q

What is the amplitude of the EPSP dependent on?

A

The number of cation channels opened

23
Q

How can a decrease in conductance cause an EPSP?

A

Closing ion channels that normally hyperpolarize the membrane

This removes the hyperpolarizing influence

24
Q

What is an example of a receptor that causes an EPSP by decreasing conductance?

A

Muscarinic ACh receptor

M1, M3, M5

25
Q

How can an IPSP be caused by an increase in conductance?

A

Indirectly gated K channels

Directly gated Cl channels

26
Q

What is the mechanism for Indirectly K channels?

A

Receptor activated G protein

G-protein opens additional K channels in postsynaptic membrane

GABAb, M2 and M4 mAChRs

27
Q

What does E(Cl) in order for the effect on the membrane to be inhibitory?

A

As long as E(Cl) is negative to threshold

E.g. GABAa, glycine receptor

28
Q

How does the opening of directly gated chloride channels affect membrane potential?

A

Since E(Cl) and resting potential are very close, opening chloride channels stabilizes the membrane near the normal resting potential

29
Q

How can an IPSP be caused by conductance decrease?

A

Postsynaptic neuron contains Na/K permeable leak channels that are open in the resting membrane

Metabotropic receptor closes these channels, removing a depolarizing influence

Only happens at a specialized class of synapse in the reina

SFI Test 1 (14 decks)

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