Childhood

Question 1

What are the three phases of childhood?

Answer 1

Toddler - 1-3 years

Preschool - 3-5 years

School age - 5-11 years

Question 2

What are the developmental stages associated with Toddlerhood?

Answer 2

Freud - Anal

Erikson - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Piaget - Sensorimotor/Preoperational

Question 3

What major developmental changes occur during Toddlerhood?

Answer 3

Language

Toilet training

Sense of self as an agent of change

Motor skills to explore environment

Can’t anticipate negative consequences

Question 4

When do children begin to understand words? First words?

Answer 4

Middle of first year

First words at about 12 months, limited syllables

Question 5

When is the language explosion?

Answer 5

Between 18 and 24 months

Able to learn words after one exposure

Question 6

When does telegraphic speech occur?

Answer 6

By the end of the second year

Beginning of 3 word sentences also occurs at this time

Question 7

When does early problem solving begin?

Answer 7

12-18 months

Also display object permanence

Question 8

What cognitive development occurs at 18-24 months?

Answer 8

Make believe play

Sorting into categories

Search for hidden object

Problem solving takes less overt experimentation

Question 9

What cognitive development occurs at 24-36 months?

Answer 9

Increase ability to make mental representations

Increased make believe play

Beginnings of perspective taking (Challenging egocentrism)

Question 10

What motor development occurs at 12-24 months?

Answer 10

Build tower of two bricks

Scribbling

Walks up stairs without help

Jump in place

Question 11

What motor development occurs at 24-36 months?

Answer 11

More rhythmic walking

Walk to run

Jumps, hops, throws and catches with rigid upper body

Pushes riding toy with feet, trouble steering

Question 12

What emotional development occurs during toddlerhood?

Answer 12

Self-conscious emotions

Empathy appears

Appreciate different feelings of others

Question 13

What developmental stages are associated with preschoolers?

Answer 13

Freud - Phallic

Erikson - Initiative vs Guilt

Piaget - Preoperational

Question 14

What major developmental changes occur during the preschool age?

Answer 14

Increased independence

Toilet training is mastered

Improved coordination

Interest in peer relaitons

Make-believe play

Question 15

Describe language development for preschoolers

Answer 15

Understand some metaphors

Sentence formation more closely resembles adults

Adjusts speech for social expectations

Improved conversational strategies

Question 16

What aspects of cognitive development occur during the preschool age?

Answer 16

Distinguishes animate and inanimate objects

Grasps conservation

Sort familiar objects in hierarchical categories

Can identify underlying characteristics

Question 17

How does make believe play change during preschool age?

Answer 17

Less self-centered

Use it to work out problems

Often gender specific, representing the same sex parent

Can maintain the role of a given character for long periods of time

Question 18

When do imaginary friends occur during development?

Answer 18

Very common between 3 and 7

More complex pretend play

Advanced mental representations

More sociable

Question 19

What motor development occurs between 3-4 years?

Answer 19

Walks up stairs with alternating feet, not down

Jumps, hops flexing upper body

Throws and catches, may still trap

Pedals and steers tricycles

Question 20

What motor development occurs between 4-5 years?

Answer 20

Walks downstairs alternating feet

Runs more smoothly

Gallops and skips

Throws ball fluidly

Catches ball with hands

Rides tricycle with speed and smooth steering

Question 21

Describe emotional development at preschool age

Answer 21

Self-conscious evaluations are linked to self appraisal

Develop strategies for regulating emotion –subvocalization, favorite toy, blanket

Can “fake” emotions

Understand cause and effect

Empathy becomes more reflective

Question 22

Describe social development at preschool age

Answer 22

Peer relations begin to be important

Break away from primary support group

Mixed gender groups

May participate in early social activities

Question 23

What developmental stages occur at school age?

Answer 23

Freud - Latency

Erikson - Industry vs. Inferiority

Piaget - Preoperational to Concrete operational

Question 24

What major developmental changes occur during school age?

Answer 24

Increased independence for most basic activities of daily living

Increase in logical thought

Ability to concentrate

Improved motor skills

Peers become primary social contacts

Question 25

Describe Language development for school age kids

Answer 25

10,000 word vocabulary by the tie they enter school

Appreciate definitions and multiple meanings

Advanced conversational skills

Can get irony and sarcasm

Metalinguistic awareness

Question 26

Describe Cognitive development for school age kids

Answer 26

Conservation is mastered

Spatial reasoning

Cognitive maps

Can follow step by step instructions

Increased attention

Question 27

Describe motor development in school age kids

Answer 27

Whole body is used

Increased running speed

Fluid motion

Increased throwing, kicking accuracy

Handwriting

Question 28

Describe emotional development in school age kids

Answer 28

Self-conscious emotions are integrated with inner standards of excellence and good behavior

Conformity to/awareness of emotional regulation display rules

Awareness of mixed emotions

Social comparisons