Childhood Flashcards
What are the three phases of childhood?
Toddler - 1-3 years
Preschool - 3-5 years
School age - 5-11 years
What are the developmental stages associated with Toddlerhood?
Freud - Anal
Erikson - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Piaget - Sensorimotor/Preoperational
What major developmental changes occur during Toddlerhood?
Language
Toilet training
Sense of self as an agent of change
Motor skills to explore environment
Can’t anticipate negative consequences
When do children begin to understand words? First words?
Middle of first year
First words at about 12 months, limited syllables
When is the language explosion?
Between 18 and 24 months
Able to learn words after one exposure
When does telegraphic speech occur?
By the end of the second year
Beginning of 3 word sentences also occurs at this time
When does early problem solving begin?
12-18 months
Also display object permanence
What cognitive development occurs at 18-24 months?
Make believe play
Sorting into categories
Search for hidden object
Problem solving takes less overt experimentation
What cognitive development occurs at 24-36 months?
Increase ability to make mental representations
Increased make believe play
Beginnings of perspective taking (Challenging egocentrism)
What motor development occurs at 12-24 months?
Build tower of two bricks
Scribbling
Walks up stairs without help
Jump in place
What motor development occurs at 24-36 months?
More rhythmic walking
Walk to run
Jumps, hops, throws and catches with rigid upper body
Pushes riding toy with feet, trouble steering
What emotional development occurs during toddlerhood?
Self-conscious emotions
Empathy appears
Appreciate different feelings of others
What developmental stages are associated with preschoolers?
Freud - Phallic
Erikson - Initiative vs Guilt
Piaget - Preoperational
What major developmental changes occur during the preschool age?
Increased independence
Toilet training is mastered
Improved coordination
Interest in peer relaitons
Make-believe play
Describe language development for preschoolers
Understand some metaphors
Sentence formation more closely resembles adults
Adjusts speech for social expectations
Improved conversational strategies
What aspects of cognitive development occur during the preschool age?
Distinguishes animate and inanimate objects
Grasps conservation
Sort familiar objects in hierarchical categories
Can identify underlying characteristics
How does make believe play change during preschool age?
Less self-centered
Use it to work out problems
Often gender specific, representing the same sex parent
Can maintain the role of a given character for long periods of time
When do imaginary friends occur during development?
Very common between 3 and 7
More complex pretend play
Advanced mental representations
More sociable
What motor development occurs between 3-4 years?
Walks up stairs with alternating feet, not down
Jumps, hops flexing upper body
Throws and catches, may still trap
Pedals and steers tricycles
What motor development occurs between 4-5 years?
Walks downstairs alternating feet
Runs more smoothly
Gallops and skips
Throws ball fluidly
Catches ball with hands
Rides tricycle with speed and smooth steering
Describe emotional development at preschool age
Self-conscious evaluations are linked to self appraisal
Develop strategies for regulating emotion –subvocalization, favorite toy, blanket
Can “fake” emotions
Understand cause and effect
Empathy becomes more reflective
Describe social development at preschool age
Peer relations begin to be important
Break away from primary support group
Mixed gender groups
May participate in early social activities
What developmental stages occur at school age?
Freud - Latency
Erikson - Industry vs. Inferiority
Piaget - Preoperational to Concrete operational
What major developmental changes occur during school age?
Increased independence for most basic activities of daily living
Increase in logical thought
Ability to concentrate
Improved motor skills
Peers become primary social contacts
Describe Language development for school age kids
10,000 word vocabulary by the tie they enter school
Appreciate definitions and multiple meanings
Advanced conversational skills
Can get irony and sarcasm
Metalinguistic awareness
Describe Cognitive development for school age kids
Conservation is mastered
Spatial reasoning
Cognitive maps
Can follow step by step instructions
Increased attention
Describe motor development in school age kids
Whole body is used
Increased running speed
Fluid motion
Increased throwing, kicking accuracy
Handwriting
Describe emotional development in school age kids
Self-conscious emotions are integrated with inner standards of excellence and good behavior
Conformity to/awareness of emotional regulation display rules
Awareness of mixed emotions
Social comparisons
