Infancy Flashcards
What is Erickson’s Trust vs. Mistrust?
Allows for development of relationships with others
Warm, responsive care leads to sense of trust
Erickson’s Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Improved mental and motor skills allow for choice
Parental permission for reasonable choice without the use of shame
Erickson’s Initiative vs. Guilt
3-6
Make believe play
Ambition and responsibility
Industry vs. Inferiority
6-11
School, work and evaluation
Peer relations and cooperation
Identity vs Identity Diffusion
Adolesence
Who am I?
Self-chosen values and goals
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adulthood
Establishment of intimate ties to others
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle Adulthood
Giving to the nex generation through caring for children, productive work
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Old age
Relfection on life and worth
What did Piaget focus on?
Theory of cognitive development
Cognition changes quantitatively and qualitatively
Children create schemas – way of organizing things in metnal representations
What is assimilation?
Adds information to current schemas
What is accommodation?
Change schema to add information that previously did not fit
Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
Birth-2
Acquire schemas by acting on world and experiencing things with senses
Start by repeating chance behaviors
By 8-12 months, infants can make intentional behaviors
Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
2-7
Begin to use symbols to represent earlier discoveries
Make-believe play
Development of language
Thinking lacks logic –Animism, Egocentrism
Piaget’s Concrete Operational thought
7-11
Reasoning beomes logical
Conservation
Organize into classes, hierarchies
Not yet abstract, still need direct experience with the world
Piaget’s Formal Operational Thought
11 years on
Reason with symbols that don’t have to have meaning in and of themselves i.e. algebra
Can think of multiple solutions to the same problem
Infant Temprament
Infants born with certain characteristics
Activity level, attention, self-regulation etc.
What is goodness of fit?
The parent-child interactions
E.g. laid back parent, and high-maintenance child
What reflexes are infants born with?
Some form basis of later motor skills
Survival value
Rooting, Moro
How much to babies sleep?
Typically between 16-18 hours a day
Sleep cycles become more organized as development occurs
REM sleep important for CNS
How is an infant’s sense of touch?
Most well developed at birth
How is an infant’s sense of taste?
Sweet, sour and bitter are distinguishable at birth
Salty comes later
How is an infant’s sense of smell?
Certain odors are preferred
Can distinguish mother’s milk
Sense of balance?
Postural control improves over the first year
Ability to use variety of sources of information
–proprioceptive, vestibular, optical flow
Infant’s sense of hearing?
Well developed at birth
Prefer complex vs. pure tones
4-7 months, sense of musical and speech phrasing
Prefer mom to other women, native to foreign language
Sense of Vision?
Least mature sense
Limited visual acuity, eye movements are slow and inaccurate
20/20 by 6 months
Color perception stable by about 4-5 months
Describe infants social capabilities
Newborns can imitate facial expressions
Social smile by 1-2 months
Intentional laughing at 3-4 months
Increased smile for familiar people at 6 months
When do infants develop different smiles?
10-12 months
When should an infant be able to turn over, transfer items from hand to hand?
4 months
When can an infant sit without support?
6-7 months
When does teething occur?
6-8 months
When does fear of strangers, crawling occur?
8-12 months
When does an infant have their first words, start walking?
12-15 months
What are the phases of attachment?
Pre-attachment - Birth to 6 weeks
Attachment in the making - 6 weeks to 6-8 months
Clear cut attachment - 6-8 months to 18 months - 2 years
Formation of reciprocal relationship - 2 years on
What is secure attachment?
Parent is a secure base that child can use to explore form
What is avoidant attachment?
Child is unresponsive to parent and is usually not distressed
What is resistant attachment?
Child seeks closeness, fails to explore, may appear mad or upset
What is Disorganized/Disoriented attachment?
Child shows the greatest insecurity, may appear confused, dazed, flat, odd postures
