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SFI Test 1 > Neurohistology > Flashcards

Neurohistology Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the location of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS? PNS?

A

CNS - Gray matter, deep nuclei

PNS - ganglia

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2
Q

Where are the locations of axons in the CNS? PNS?

A

CNS - white matter

PNS - nerves

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3
Q

What is the are dendritic spines?

A

Transient membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for synapses on dendrites

Important in neural plasticity

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4
Q

What are the features of the neuronal soma?

A

Large nucleus with prominent nucleolus

Presence of Nissl bodies

Typical organelles

Lipofuscin

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5
Q

What are Nissl bodies?

A

RER and polyribosomes

grainy apprearance

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6
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

Location of action potential initiation

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7
Q

Describe anterograde transport

A

Movement forward from the soma to the axon terminal

Uses kinesin

Transport of cytoskeletal proteins occurs more slowly

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8
Q

Describe retrograde transport

A

Movement backward from the axon terminal to the soma

Uses dynein

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9
Q

Describe multipolar neurons

A

Multiple dendritic processes

Characteristic of motor neurons and interneurons

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10
Q

Describe bipolar neurons

A

One main dendrite and one axon

Characteristic of special sensory neurons (e.g. vision, olfaction, hearing)

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11
Q

Describe pseudounipolar neurons

A

Single bidirectional axon-peripheral process and a central process

Characteristic of sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia

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12
Q

What are the four glial cells of the CNS?

A

Astrocyte

Oligodendrocyte

Ependymal cell

Microglia

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13
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

Formation of the Blood-brain barrier

Nutritional support

Uptake of neurotransmitters

Regulation of extracellular ionic concentrations

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14
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Line the ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord

Produce cerebrospinal fluid

Apical ends have cilia and microvilli

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15
Q

What are microglial cells?

A

Small cells with mobile processes that sense the environment

Change shape when activated and begin to phagocytose damaged/foreign cells

Derived from monocytes

Important for immune surveillance

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16
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelinates axons in the CNS

One cell can myelinate multiple internodes of one or more neurons

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17
Q

What are the supportive cells of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

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18
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

Meylinates internodes in the PNS

One schwann cell wraps one internode of one neuron

Also envelop small diameter neurons and provide support, but don’t myelinate them

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19
Q

How is gray and white matter oriented in the brain?

A

Gray matter on the outside (cerebral cortex)

White matter on the inside

20
Q

How is gray and white matter oriented in the spinal cord?

A

Gray matter on the inside

White matter on the outside

21
Q

What are meninges?

A

Connective tissue membranes that wrap the brain and spinal cord

22
Q

What is the Dura mater and what two layers make it up?

A

The outermost and toughest CT membrane

Periosteal layer

Meningeal layer

23
Q

What is the periosteal layer?

A

Layer of the dura mater attached to the bone of the sull

Trauma may cause bleeding between bone and dura
–epidural hematoma

24
Q

What is the meningeal layer?

A

Will separate to form the walls of a dural sinus and rejoin to form a dural fold

25
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

Layer between the dura mater and pia mater

Contains spider web-like extensions that cross the subarachnoid space

26
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space and what does it contain?

A

Located between the arachnoid and pia mater

Contains cerebrospinal fluid

27
Q

What is the Pia mater?

A

A delicate, highly vascularized layer that is intimately applied to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

28
Q

Describe the cerebral cortex

A

Gray matter in the cerebrum that is organized into 6 layers

Pyramidal cells are located here, major output comes from layer V

29
Q

What are the layers of the cerebellum?

A

Molecular layer

Granular layer

Medulla (white matter)

30
Q

What are the layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Molecular layer

Purkinje cell layer

Granular layer

31
Q

What does the dorsal horn contain?

A

Terminal portion of somatosensory neurons

32
Q

What does the ventral horn contain?

A

Somatomotor neurons

33
Q

What connective tissue layers cover nerves in the PNS?

A

Epineurium - surrounds entire nerve

Perineurium - surrounds nerve fibers bundled in fascicles

Endoneurium - surrounds individual axon

34
Q

What are tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles?

A

Encapsulated sensory receptor located in the dermal papillae of thick skin

Modality - light touch, texture

35
Q

What are Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles?

A

Encapsulated sensory receptor located deep in the dermis

Modality - deep pressure, vibration, stretch

36
Q

What sensory receptors are responsible for propioception?

A

Muscle spindles

Tendon organ

37
Q

What are the two unencapsulated sensory receptors?

A

Free nerve endings - pain, heat, cold

Hair receptors - light touch, movement of hair

38
Q

Describe filiform papillae of the tongue

A

Smallest and most numerous

Keratinized tips

Sense texture of food

No taste buds

39
Q

Describe fungiform papillae

A

Mushroom shaped

Scattered widely over the tongue

Taste buds

40
Q

Describe circumvallate papillae

A

Located towards the back of the tongue

Taste buds are embedded on the lateral aspects

41
Q

Describe folaite papillae

A

Located on the posterolateral aspect of the tonuge

Associated with taste buds, but not well developed in humans

42
Q

What three types of cells do taste buds contain?

A

Taste receptor cells

Supporting cells (sustentacular cells)

Basal cells

43
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium located?

A

Upper 1/3 of the nasal cavity

44
Q

What type of neurons are located in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Bipolar neurons

45
Q

How do the olfactory sensory neurons synapse with the olfactory bulb?

A

The travel through the holes in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

SFI Test 1 (14 decks)

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