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ZOOL 342 > Synaptic Transmission 2 > Flashcards

Synaptic Transmission 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

the ability of the synapse to change its properties depending on its recent level of activity

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2
Q

What is thought to be the basis of learning and memory?

A

synaptic plasticity

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3
Q

Describe how to record long-term potentiation/plasticity. Which structure of the brain is involved?

A
  1. stimulate schaffer collaterals
  2. CA3 releases NTs
  3. CA1 stimulated
  4. record CA1 activity

(in hippocampus)

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4
Q

What kind of memory is the hippocampus mainly involved in?

A

spatial memory

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5
Q

What is the cellular correlate of learning and memory?

A

LTP

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6
Q

What is the specificity and associativity of LTP?

A
  • specificity: synapse strengthened for pathways highly activated (at high frequencies)
  • associativity: b/c path 2 fires with path 1, both paths’ synapses are strengthened
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7
Q

TRUE or FALSE: in synaptic plasticity, a larger presynaptic stimulus results in a larger post-synaptic response (in comparison to baselin)

A

FALSE: SMALLER stimulus results in SIMILAR response

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8
Q

Draw a diagram using 3 different neurons to demonstrate how synaptic strength can be increased.

A

slide 6

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9
Q

TRUE or FALSE: highly active synapse = strengthened synapse

A

TRUE

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10
Q

TRUE or FALSE: changes in the postsynaptic cell lead to a strengthened synapse

A

FALSE: changes in both pre and postsynaptic cells are requireD

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11
Q

How did Donald Hebb describe the mechanism for the strengthening of synapses?

A

some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells so that A’s EFFICIENCY as one of the cells firing C is increased

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12
Q

What are the 2 properties of LTP?

A

specific and associative

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13
Q

What is the Hebbian definition for LTP?

A

an enduring increase in synaptic efficacy resulting from an activity dependent (Hebbian) process

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14
Q

Where was LTP first discovered in the brain? Where has it been shown to exist?

A

hippocampus; most glutamatergic synapses in the brain

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15
Q

What are the 2 requirements to get a larger postsynaptic event?

A
  1. more receptors on surface
  2. increase conductance states of channels (more ions flow into post cell
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16
Q

Before tetanic stimulation, the slope of the synaptic potential is _________. After, it is ________.

A

low; high

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17
Q

How long can LTP last?

A

days to weeks

18
Q

What are the 3 LTP phases?

A
  1. early - INDUCTION phase
  2. medium - EXPRESSION phase
  3. late - MAINTENANCE phase
19
Q

In summary, what occurs during the early induction phase of LTP?

A

NMDA receptor activation and calcium dependence

20
Q

In summary, What occurs during the medium expression phase of the LTP?

A
  • changes to receptors and release machinery
  • local protein synthesis
21
Q

In summary, What occurs during the late maintenance phase of the LTP?

A
  • genomic involvement
  • translation dependent
  • anatomical changes?
22
Q

TRUE or FALSE: after tetanic stimulation, synaptic currents are smaller in amplitude

A

FALSE: larger amplitude

23
Q

At what frequency should you tetanically stimulate a cell to induce LTP?

A

100 Hz

24
Q

Describe the mechanism of the induction phase of LTP.

A
  • NMDAR activated –> double-gated coincidence detector (ligand-dependent AND voltage-dependent…bind glu, remove Mg2+)…see notes in previous unit
  • Ca2+ entry through NMDA
  • increase Ca2+ intracellular triggers increase in post responsiveness: increases in post AMPAR, pre NT release, and synaptic contacts
  • LTP is induced
  • this INDUCES LTP

(i.e. unblock NMDA –> Ca2+ flows in –> express LTP)

25
Q

The influx of which ion is necessary for LTP?

A

Ca2+

26
Q

Which receptor is crucial for induction of LTP?

A

NMDA

27
Q

TRUE or FALSE: blocking NMDA prevents LTP

A

TRUE

28
Q

Describe the mechanism of the expression phase of LTP.

A
  • Ca-MKII inserts and traffics AMPAR’s to membrane
  • more AMPAR = larger synaptic response
29
Q

Which enzyme is crucial for the expression phase of LTP?

A

Ca-MKII

30
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the number of silent synapses is increased during LTP

A

FALSE: decreased

31
Q

What is a silent synapse?

A
  • synapse in which the postsynaptic membrane only expresses NMDA receptors
  • note: NMDA receptors are not activated due to the Mg2+ block
32
Q

How does LTP affect silent synapses? Describe the mechanism.

A

AMPARs are inserted into synapses during LTP (i.e. decrease number of silent synapses where only NMDARs are present)

33
Q

TRUE or FALSE: silent synapses contain only AMPARs

A

FALSE: only NMDARs

34
Q

What kind of stimulation is required for insertion of AMPAR into the synapse?

A

tetanic stimulation

35
Q

At what frequency should you stimulate a cell to induce LTD? LTP?

A
  • LTD = 1 Hz
  • LTP = 100 Hz
36
Q

What is long-term depression (LTD)?

A

smaller post-synaptic response due to removal/retrieval of receptors (AMPA)

note: LTP = larger response due to insertion of AMPAR

37
Q

What is the difference between expression and maintenance phases of LTP?

A
  • expression = local signaling and local protein synthesis
  • maintenance = nuclear involvement via genomic translation
38
Q

Is the cellular mechanism of LTP pre or post-synaptic?

A

post?

39
Q

Are retrograde factors involved in LTP?

A

YES (ask someone to explain)

40
Q

Describe the mechanism of LTD.

A

(opposite of LTP)
Ca2+ dependent synaptic depression
- less Ca2+ entry into cleft = oppose synaptic enhancement
- evoked by both NMDAR and V-gated Ca2+ channel activation
- include both pre and post-synaptic elements: decreases in post AMPAR, pre NT release (glu), synaptic contacts

ZOOL 342 (21 decks)

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