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ZOOL 342 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Coordination of neural and muscular activity is largely controlled by ________________.

A

basal ganglia and cerbellum

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2
Q

What 2 structures are part of the dorsal striatum?

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

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3
Q

What 3 structures make up the basal ganglia?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • globus pallidus int/ext
  • putamen
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4
Q

What structures make up the ventral striatum?

A

nucleus accumbens AND olfactory tubercule

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5
Q

where does the ventral striatum project to?

A

ventral pallidum

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6
Q

The basal ganglia modulates cortical activity through the _____________________ thereby influencing ______________________ tracts.

A

ventral thalamus; corticospinal

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7
Q

Describe the inputs to the basal ganglia?

A
  1. corticostriate fibers from MI, MII, and SI to DORSAL striatum (CAUDATE AND PUTAMEN)
  2. substantia nigra to caudate and putamen
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8
Q

Describe the intrinsic connections to the basal ganglia?

A

CAUDATE AND PUTAMEN both influence GLOBUS PALLIDUS (ext/int)

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9
Q

Describe the outputs of the basal ganglia?

A
  1. GPint to ventral thalamus
  2. ventral thalamus feedback to SMA and PFC (motor planning)
  3. GPext to STN
  4. STN to GPint
  5. substantia nigra to ventral thalamus
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10
Q

Each basal ganglia circuit relays signals from ______________ to the _____________________ to _____________________ to _________________.

A

neocortex –> basal ganglia –> ventral thalamus –> frontal cortex

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11
Q

TRUE or FALSE: While the GPint has output to the subthalamic nucleus, the GPext has output to the ventral thalamus.

A

FALSE:
- GPint to ventral thalamus
- GPext to STN

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12
Q

What is the difference between a closed vs open loop in the basal ganglia?

A
  • closed = info feeds back to its original source
  • open = info relayed to different cortical region via the basal ganglia
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13
Q

What does the supplementary motor cortex/area (SMA) do?

A

posture, locomotion, PLANNING of complex movement sequences

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14
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the sensory-motor loop is open

A

FALSE: it is closed

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15
Q

Describe the sensori-motor loop.

A
  • input: MI, SI, PMC, SMA to putamen/caudate (striatum)
  • intrinsic: putamen to GPint and SN
  • output: GPint and SN to ventrolateral thalamus
  • feedback: ventrolateral thalamus BACK TO SMA
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16
Q

Describe generic basal ganglia loops.

A
  • input: cortical areas to striatum
  • intrinsic: striatum to GP and SN
  • output: GP and SN to ventral thalamus
  • feedback: ventral thalamus BACK TO FRONTAL CORTEX
17
Q

In the sensori-motor loop, which parts (input, intrinsic connections, output, feedback) are glutamatergic vs GABAergic? Draw a diagram.

A
  • input = glutamatergic (+)
  • intrinsic = GABA (-)
  • output = GABA (-)
  • feedback = glutamate (+)

(Slide 12)

18
Q

Describe the direct pathway of the basal ganglia. Which steps are GABA/glutamate? Is there a net excitation or inhibition?

A
  • striatum to (GPint and SNR) = GABA (-)
  • (GPint and SNR) to thalamus = GABA (-)
  • thalamus = excitatory
  • net excitation of thalamocortical fibers through DIS-inhibition
19
Q

Describe the indirect pathway. Which steps are GABA/glutamate? Is there a net excitation or inhibition?

A
  • striatum to GPext = GABA (-)
  • GPext to STN = GABA (-)
  • STN to GPint = glutamate (+)
  • GPint to thalamus = GABA (-)
  • thalamus = glutamate (+)
  • net inhibition of thalamocortical fibers through DIS-DIS-inhibition
20
Q

___________________ neurons in the substantia nigra excite the ___________ pathway and inhibit the __________ pathway.

A

dopaminergic; excite direct; inhibit indirect

21
Q

Parkinson’s disease is a ______________ disorder of the _______ that impairs ___________ skills including speech.

A

degenerative; CNS; motor

22
Q

What is the 2nd most common neurodegenerative disease?

A

Parkinson’s disease

23
Q

What is the life expectancy for Parkinson’s disease?

A

7-15 years post diagnosis

24
Q

What are the 4 most common symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A
  1. muscle rigidity
  2. resting tremor
  3. slowing movement
  4. impaired balance and coordination
25
Q

In Parkinson’s disease, there are no symptoms until _____% of substantia nigra neurons are dead.

A

90

26
Q

What is the cause of Parkinson’s disease?

A

neurons in SN do not produce enough DOPAMINE

27
Q

There is a large amount of _______________ in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra.

A

melanin

(note: this is why DA neurons in the SN appear black)

28
Q

In Parkinson’s disease, with _________ dopamine, there is _____________ excitation of the direct pathway, and _____________ inhibition of the indirect pathway. This leads to ________ inhibition of the thalamocortical fibers.

A

less; less; less; more

29
Q

Huntington’s disease is an ____________ ______________ mutation of ________________.

A

autosomal dominant mutation of Huntintin

30
Q

TRUE or FALSE: if you have a copy of the Huntintin mutation, 1/4 of your kids will get it.

A

FALSE: half of your kids will get it

31
Q

What causes cell death in Huntington’s?

A

abnormal protein

32
Q

When do we usually see the first symptoms of Huntington’s disease?

A

late 30s - early 40s

33
Q

What is the main symptom of huntington’s disease? What are some other symptoms?

A
  • main = chorea
  • other = muscle rigidity, abnormal posture, abnormal facial expressions, difficulty swallowing/speaking
34
Q

What is chorea?

A

involuntary movements

35
Q

Which structures of the basal ganglia are most significantly affected in Huntington’s disease? Which connections?

A
  • caudate and putamen
  • connections with GP
36
Q

What other structures are also damaged in Huntington’s disease?

A
  • substantia nigra
  • neocortex
  • cerebellum
  • parts of the thalamus

ZOOL 342 (21 decks)

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