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ZOOL 342 > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the cerebellum is highly foliated

A

TRUE

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2
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the cerebellum has only recenently been known to be involved in motor control

A

FALSE: long known to be involved in motor control

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3
Q

What are the main body parts that have been mapped on the cerebellum?

A

hand, foot, mouth

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4
Q

How many motor maps are on the cerebellum?

A

2

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5
Q

What are the 3 main regions of the mammalian cerebellum? Where are they located on the cerebellum?

A
  • vermis / spino-cerebellum (medial)
  • hemispheres / cerebro-cerebellum(lateral)
  • vestibulo-cerebellum (most posterior)
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6
Q

What is the oldest region of the cerebellum?

A

vestibuo-cerebellum

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7
Q

Label the anterior lobe and posterior lobe on the cerebellum diagram on slide 5

A

slide 5

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8
Q

What is the vestibulo-cerebellum’s main function?

A

vestibular/eye movements (vestibular ocular reflex)

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9
Q

What is the main function of the cerebellum’s posterior lobe?

A

cognitive

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10
Q

Describe the cerebellum-cerebral cortex loop.

A
  1. deep cerebellar nuclei
  2. thalamus
  3. cerebral cortex
  4. pontine nuclei
  5. cerebellum
    (back to nuclei)
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11
Q

Mos of the neurons in the brain are __________________ _________________ cells.

A

cerebellar granule

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12
Q

.The cerebellum has a ________________ cortex

A

laminated

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13
Q

TRUE or FALSE: grey matter forms the core of the cerebellum, where the cerebellar nuclei are located

A

FALSE: white matter

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14
Q

Where does majority of cerebellar output go to?

A

cerebellar nuclei

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15
Q

What are the 3 cell layers that make up the cerebellar cortex? Which one is outermost? innermost?

A
  • granule cell layer (inner)
  • Purkinje cell layer (middle)
  • molecular cell layer (outer)
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16
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the molecular cell layer is a single-celled layer

A

FALSE: the Purkinje cell layer is a single-celled layer

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17
Q

TRUE or FALSE: purkinje cells are very smalle

A

FALSE: large

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18
Q

To which layer do the purkinje cell dendritic trees extend?

A

molecular layer

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19
Q

Which cells make up the sole output of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Purkinje cells

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20
Q

In which plane are the dendritic trees of the Purkinje cells located?

A

sagittal plane

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of inputs to the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum?

A
  1. climbing fibers (inferior olive)
  2. granule cells (parallel fibers)
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22
Q

Which fibers split and go through all purkinje cells?

A

granule cells (parallel fibers)

23
Q

From how many parallel fibers does each Purkinje cell receive input?

A

200,000

24
Q

From how many climbing fibers does each Purkinje cell receive input?

A

1

25
Q

On a Purkinje cell recording, which fibers cause complex spikes? simple spikes? Draw the diagram and label.

A
  • complex spikes = climbing fiber
  • simple = parallel fibers
  • slide 9
26
Q

Which nucleus is major input to the spinocerebellum from? What is the main function of this nucleus?

A

Clarke’s dorsal nucleus; proprioception

27
Q

Which nucleus is major input to the inferior olive / climbing fiber from?

A

nucleus ruber

28
Q

Which nucleus is major input to the vestibulocerebellum? What is the main function of this nucleus?

A

vestibular nuclei; posture/balance

29
Q

Which nucleus does majority of the input to the cerebellum come from? Where does this nucleus get its input from?

A
  • pontine nuclei
  • gets its input fro MI, MII, SI, and beyond
30
Q

Cerebellum is integrating motor _______________ with __________________.

A

commands; feedback

31
Q

Draw a diagram to show the commands vs feedback that the cerebellum integrates.

A

slide 12

32
Q

What are the commands to the cerebellum?

A
  1. frontal/parietal cortex
  2. red nucleus
  3. pontine nuclei
  4. inferior olive
33
Q

What is the feedback to the cerebellum?

A
  1. spinal cord
  2. vestibular nuclei
34
Q

Where do the Purkinje cell outputs in the cerebellum go to?

A

vestibular nuclei and deep cerebellar nuclei

35
Q

Where does major output from the cerebellum come from?

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

36
Q

TRUE or FALSE: deep cerebellar nuclei outputs from the cerebellum are glutamatergic

A

FALSE: GABAergic (inhibitory)

37
Q

List the cerebellar nuclei.

A
  1. fastigial nucleus
  2. globose and emboliform nuclei (interposed nuclei)
  3. dentate nucleus
38
Q

In general, where does the dentate nucleus mainly project to? Which tracts does it influence?

A
  • ventrolateral and ventroanterior thalamus
  • CST
39
Q

Where does the dorsal dentate mainly project to? Is this the motor or non-motor dentate? Which basal ganglia loop is this circuit similar to?

A
  • dorsal dentate –> ventrolateral thalamus –> MI, SMA, PMC
  • motor dentate
  • similar to sensori-motor loop
40
Q

Where does the ventral dentate mainly project to? Is this the motor or non-motor dentate? Which basal ganglia loop is this circuit similar to?

A
  • ventral dentate –> ventroanterior thalamus –> PFC, posterior parietal cortex
  • non-motor dentate
  • similar to associative loop
41
Q

Where do the interposed nuclei mainly project to? Which tract does it influence? What does it mainly control?

A
  • nucleus ruber
  • rubro-spinal tract
  • control of upper limbs
42
Q

Where does the fastigial nucleus mainly project to? What does it mainly control?

A
  • vestibular nuclei and reticular formation
  • balance/posture, locomotion
43
Q

Draw the cerebellum-cerebral cortex loop on slide 15

A

Slide 15

44
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

motor adaptation (learning)

(i.e. it teaches)

45
Q

Provide an example of motor adaptation that wouldn’t be possible without the cerebellum.

A
  • vestibular ocular reflex
  • cut lateral rectus of one eye (bad eye)
  • cover bad eye –> no improvement of VOR positioning in bad eye
  • cover good eye –> VOR positioning improves in bad eye; good eye moving too much now
46
Q

The eye providing _________ info determins ____________ success.

A

sensory; tracking

47
Q

Which fiber carries the error signal to the purkinje cell when the cerebellum is involved in motor adaptation? How does this error signal allow for motor adaptation when VOR is weakened in one eye? Which fiber would be considered the teacher in this case?

A
  • climbing fiber = teacher; carries error signal
  • modifies the parallel-fiber synapses to STRENGTHEN motor command in the bad eye
48
Q

When the VOR is out of register using minifying glasses, the eyes move too ____________ in relation to image movement on the retina when the head moves.

A

far

49
Q

When the VOR is reset by cerebellum when using minifying glasses, the eyes move ______________ distanes in relation to head movement to compensate

A

smaller

50
Q

How does motor adaptation when VOR is weakened in both eyes via minifying glasses work?

A
  • climbing fiber carries the error signal
  • modifies the parallel fiber synapses to REDUCE strength of motor command (b/c moving too much when VOR out of register)
51
Q

what is cerebellar ataxia?

A

cerebellar defects that lead to defects in complex motor behaviours

52
Q

Describe the cerebellar gait

A

unsteady and halting

53
Q

What is cerebellar hypoplasia?

A

incomplete cerebellar development

ZOOL 342 (21 decks)

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