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PHYSIOL > SYNAPTIC PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

SYNAPTIC PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

A functional connection or junction between two nerve cells (neurons)

A

Synapse

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2
Q

What types of cells are involved in a synapse?

A

Neurons and other types of cells

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3
Q

Axon terminal synapses on the cell body (soma)

A

Axo-somatic Synapse

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4
Q

Axon terminal synapses on a dendrite

A

Axo-dendritic Synapse

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5
Q

The synapse between two axons

A

Axo-axonic Synapse

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6
Q

Synapse between two dendrites

A

Dendro-dentritic Synapse

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7
Q
  • Blocked in its transmission
  • Changed from a single impulse to a repetitive impulse
  • Integrated with impulses of other neurons
A

How information is transmitted in the CNS mainly in the form of nerve action potentials

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8
Q

[Electrical/Chemical Synapse]

Low-resistance allows current flow directly & passively from one cell to another

A

Electrical Synapse

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9
Q

[Electrical/Chemical Synapse]

Fast and bidirectional

A

Electrical Synapse

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10
Q

[Electrical/Chemical Synapse]

Found mostly in Central Nervous System (CNS) and ciliary ganglia in eye muscles

A

Electrical Synapse

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11
Q

[Electrical/Chemical Synapse]

Unidirectional transmission

A

Chemical Synapse

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12
Q

[Electrical/Chemical Synapse]

Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on post-synaptic neurons altering their membrane potential

A

Chemical Synapse

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13
Q

[Neuroreceptors/Autoreceptors]

Receptors found on the presynaptic neuron

A

Autoreceptors

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14
Q

[Neuroreceptors/Autoreceptors]

Produce presynaptic inhibition

A

Autoreceptors

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15
Q

[Neuroreceptors/Autoreceptors]

Lessen the number of chemical messengers able to bind with the receptors in the post-synaptic neuron

A

Autoreceptors

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16
Q

[Neuroreceptors/Autoreceptors]

Chemical-gated ion channels in the membrane of the cell that is receiving the nerve impulse (post-synaptic neuron)

A

Neuroreceptors

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17
Q

Substance that mediates chemical signaling between neurons

A

Neurotransmitters

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18
Q

Production and storage of neurotransmitters

A

Vesicles at the axon terminal

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19
Q

2 Types of Neurotransmitter Receptors

A
  1. Ionotropic Receptors
  2. Metabotropic Receptors
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20
Q

What leads to the release of neurotransmitters?

A

Increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels

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21
Q

How is a neurotransmitter released from the axon terminal?

A

Via exocytosis

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22
Q

[Ionotropic/Metabotropic Receptors]

Ionic channels themselves

A

Ionotropic Receptors

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23
Q

[Ionotropic/Metabotropic Receptors]

Fast responses due to binding of ligand to receptors

A

Ionotropic Receptors

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24
Q

[Ionotropic/Metabotropic Receptors]

Act indirectly on separate ion channels through a G protein and/or second messenger

A

Metabotropic Receptors

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25
Q

[Ionotropic/Metabotropic Receptors]

Slower response due to the use of 2nd messengers to relay signal

A

Metabotropic Receptors

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26
Q

[Ionotropic/Metabotropic Receptors]

Biochemical events will happen before the expected result comes through

A

Metabotropic Receptors

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27
Q

2 Types of Post-synaptic Potentials

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

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28
Q

[EPSP/IPSP]

Excitatory chemical synapses generate an EPSP, which brings the membrane potential closer to threshold

A

EPSP

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29
Q

[EPSP/IPSP]

Usual effect is to open non-selective Na+ and K+ channels

A

EPSP

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30
Q

[EPSP/IPSP]

Inhibitory chemical synapses generate IPSP, which makes the membrane potential more negative

A

IPSP

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31
Q

[EPSP/IPSP]

Open Cl- and K+ channels

A

IPSP

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32
Q
  • Tetanus toxin
  • Prevents vesicle fusion with membrane
  • Causes increased muscle contraction
A

Clostridium tetani

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33
Q
  • Causes muscle paralysis by inhibiting neurotransmitter release
  • Bacili toxin (Botulism)
  • Interferes with SNARE proteins at excitatory synapses that activate muscles
A

Clostridium botulinum

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34
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of low doses of botulinum toxin (Botox)?

A

Treating facial wrinkles, severe sweating, uncontrollable blinking, and misalignment of the eyes

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35
Q

What must be removed to terminate the signal in a chemical synapse?

A

Neurotransmitter

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36
Q

How is the removal of neurotransmitters accomplished in a chemical response?

A

Through diffusion of transmitter from the cleft, degregation of transmitter by enzymes, and reuptake into the pre-synaptic cells for reuse

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37
Q

The alteration of the efficacy of synaptic transmission by fine-tuning or changing a signal from EPSP to IPSP

A

Neuromodulation

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38
Q

Site of ACh production and enzyme involved

A

Presynaptic axon and Choline Acetyl Tranferase (CAT)

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39
Q

[Intrinsic/Extrinsic]

Both from one presynaptic neuron

A

Intrinsic

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40
Q

[Intrinsic/Extrinsic]

Two different synaptic neurons releasing neuropeptides

A

Extrinsic

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41
Q

What are the two types of receptors for neuromodulators?

A

Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors

42
Q
  • Modify both the presynaptic and the postsynaptic cell’s responses to specific transmitters
  • Tend to be associated with slower events
A

Neuromodulators

43
Q
  • Bring about changes in metabolic processes in neurons
  • Can occur over minutes, hours or days
A

Neuromodulator receptors

44
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of acetylcholine?

A

Choline aceytl transferase (CAT)

45
Q
  • Released by cholinergic neurons are both found in CNS and PNS
  • Acts at muscarinic (G-protein coupled) or nicotinic (ion channels) receptors
A

Acetylcholine

46
Q

[Muscarinic/Nicotinic Receptors]

Mostly in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Muscarinic Receptors (M1 to M5)

47
Q

[Muscarinic/Nicotinic Receptors]

Found at neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscles and both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

A

Nicotinic Receptors

48
Q

It causes paralysis

a. Overstimulation
b. Desensitization

A

b. Desensitization

49
Q

Causes uncontrolled muscle contractions

a. Overstimulation
b. Desensitization

A

a. Overstimulation

50
Q

Sarin receptors

A
  • Overstimulation
  • Desensitization
51
Q

What is the initial treatment for alleviating symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Drug L-Dopa

52
Q

Neurons associated with the ACh system degenerate in people with this disease

A

Alzheimer’s disease

53
Q
  • Loss of dopamine-releasing neurons in the substantia nigra
  • Not curative
A

Parkinson’s disease

54
Q

An experimental treatment for Parkinson’s disease involving the surgical implantation of electrodes

A

Deep brain stimulation

55
Q

A type of cell transplant used in experimental treatments for Parkinson’s disease

A

Fetal/stem cell transplants

56
Q

Which biogenic amines are involved in Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
57
Q
  • Classical modulator with multiple effects
  • Mainly excretory chemical inducing physical & mental arousal
  • Mediates heart rate, bp, rate of glycogen
A

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

58
Q

Where is NE utilized as a neurotransmitter?

A

In the CNS and PNS

59
Q

Where is Epi mainly utilized as a neurotransmitter?

A

Mainly in the PNS

60
Q

What types of receptors are adrenergic receptors?

A

G protein coupled receptors

61
Q

To what are adrenergic receptors generally linked?

A

Second messenger presetssignal transduction pathways

62
Q

What is another name for Biogenic Amines?

A

5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT

63
Q

Where are the majority of Biogenic Amines, specifically serotonin, found in the body?

A

Enterochromaffin cells in the gut (90%)

64
Q

Besides the gut, where else are Biogenic Amines, specifically serotonin, found in the body?

A

Platelets and immune cells (8%)
Brain stem (1-2%)

65
Q

Inhibits pain pathways in the spinal cord and higher regions of the nervous system and helps control mood

A

Serotonin

66
Q

What is the major location of histamine in the CNS?

A

Hypothalamus

67
Q

What type of actions is histamine commonly known for?

A

Paracrine actions

68
Q

What is histamine involved in?

A

Allergic reactions, nerve sensitization, and acid production in the stomach

69
Q

The primary neurotransmitter at 50% of the excitatory synapses in the CNS.

A

Glutamate

70
Q

What is the cooperative activity of AMPA and NMDA receptors implicated in?

A

Long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular process underlying learning and memory

71
Q

What is excitotoxicity related to NMDA receptors?

A

Injury caused by excessively stimulating nearby neurons, leading to toxic levels of intracellular Ca2+

72
Q

What is the main function of GABA neurons in the brain?

A

Dampen activity within neural circuits

73
Q

What is the result of GABA binding to ionotropic receptors?

A

Increases Cl- flux into the cell, resulting in hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

74
Q

What are some compounds that have additional binding sites on the GABA receptor?

A

Steroids, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines

75
Q

How do benzodiazepine drugs like alprazolam affect the GABA receptor?

A

They increase Cl- flux through the GABA receptor, reducing anxiety, guarding against seizures, and inducing sleep

76
Q

Which amino acid from inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord and brainstem binds to ionotropic receptors on postsynaptic cells?

a. GABA
b. Glycine

A

b. Glycine

77
Q

Causing convulsions and spastic contractions of skeletal muscles

A

Strychnine poisoning

78
Q

Short chains of amino acids with peptide bonds are released by neurons and act on receptors throughout the CNS.

A

Neuropeptides

79
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of neuropeptides?

A

They are released to terminals, acted upon by peptidases, and can work synergistically with classic neurotransmitters

80
Q

What are neuropeptides known as endogenous opioids?

A

Enkephalins and endorphins

81
Q

What are morphine and codeine primarily used for?

A

Pain relief, including anesthesia

82
Q

What neuropeptide is released by afferent neurons involved in pain sensation?

A

Substance P

83
Q

How are gases like nitric oxide released?

A
  • Not released by exocytosis of presynaptic vesicles
  • Produced by enzymes in axon terminals
84
Q

What happens to nitric oxide once in the target cell?

A

Activates cGMP signaling pathways

85
Q

What medical condition is associated with cGMP signaling pathways and nitric oxide?

A

Erectile dysfunction

86
Q

Where is adenosine present?

A

In all pre-synaptic vesicles

87
Q

What triggers the release of adenosine?

A

Ca2+ influx into the terminal

88
Q

What kind of receptors does adenosine have?

A

Both presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors

89
Q

Where can adenosine act as a transmitter?

A

At synapses in PNS and CNS

90
Q

What is adenosine responsible for in small purines?

A

Sympathetic vasoconstriction

91
Q

What is the function of Acetylcholine in the heart?

A

Inhibiting heart muscle, specifically through the vagus nerve

92
Q

Neurotransmitters that INCREASE the likelihood of an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron.

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters

93
Q

Neurotransmitters that DECREASE the likelihood of an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron.

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

94
Q
  • Released by neurons that originate in the substantia nigra
  • Primarily inhibitory transmitter
A

Dopamine

95
Q

What channels open when dopamine is released?

A

Na+ channels

96
Q

What channels open when GABA is released?

A

Cl- channels

97
Q

What happens when Na+ channels open in the neuron?

A

Na+ ions enter the cell

98
Q

What happens when Cl- and K+ channels open in the neuron?

A

Cl- ions enter and K+ ions exit the cell

99
Q

What happens to the charge inside the cell during depolarization?

A

It becomes less negative

100
Q

What happens to the charge inside the cell during hyperpolarization?

A

It becomes more negative

101
Q

A change in the membrane potential that makes it less negative, increasing the likelihood of an action potential.

A

Depolarization

PHYSIOL (6 decks)

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