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PHYSIOL > AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

[Afferent/Efferent Neurons]

Sent using afferent nerves from sensations to CNS

A

Afferent Neurons

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2
Q

[Afferent/Efferent Neurons]

Brings out response from CNS to PNS

A

Efferent Neurons

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3
Q

[Autonomic/Somatic Division]

Regulates involuntary body responses

A

Autonomic Division

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4
Q

[Autonomic/Somatic Division]

Voluntary movements by skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Division

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5
Q

[Afferent/Efferent Neurons]

Cell bodies located in the VENTRAL HORN of the SPINAL CORD

A

Efferent Neurons

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6
Q

[Afferent/Efferent Neurons]

Cell bodies located OUTSIDE of the SPINAL CORD

A

Afferent Neurons

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7
Q

[Afferent/Efferent Nerve Fiber]

  • Sensory nerve fiber
  • Carries signals towards the CNS
  • Arrive in the spinal cord via
    dorsal root of the spine
A

Afferent Nerve Fiber

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8
Q

[Afferent/Efferent Nerve Fiber]

  • Motor nerve fiber
  • Carries nerve pulses awayf rom the CNS to effectors such as glands (visceral) or muscles (somatic)
  • Arise from the ventral root of the spine
A

Efferent Nerve Fiber

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9
Q

Where is the afferent nerve processed?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

Where is the efferent nerve processed?

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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11
Q

Which organs does the autonomic nervous system process?

A

Heart, lungs, genitalia, GIT, glands, etc.

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12
Q

Which is a two-neuron pathway?

a. Autonomic nervous system
b. Somatic nervous system

A

a. Autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

Which is a one-neuron pathway?

a. Autonomic nervous system
b. Somatic nervous system

A

b. Somatic nervous system

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14
Q

Which fibers are thin myelinated axons from the CNS?

a. Preganglionic fibers
b. Postganglionic fibers

A

a. Preganglionic fibers

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15
Q

Which fibers are unmyelinated axons from the CNS?

a. Preganglionic fibers
b. Postganglionic fibers

A

b. Postganglionic fibers

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16
Q

Which of the ganglionic fibers are slower?

a. Preganglionic fibers
b. Postganglionic fibers

A

b. Postganglionic fibers

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17
Q

Increases the impulse or action potential transmission

A

Myelination

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18
Q

Neurons in the autonomic ganglia have ____________.

A

Dendrites

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19
Q

Sympathetic has a [short/long] preganglionic neuron and a [short/long] postganglionic neuron.

A

short; long

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20
Q

Parasympathetic has a [short/long] preganglionic nerve and a [short/long] postganglionic nerve.

A

long; short

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21
Q

What will the parasympathetic system release in the preganglionic neuron & postganglionic neuron?

A

Both Acetylcholine (ACh)

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22
Q

What will the sympathetic system release in the preganglionic neuron & postganglionic neuron?

A

Preganglionic = Acetylcholine
Postganglionic = Catecholamines

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23
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine that would act on smooth or cardiac muscle

A

Catecholamines

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24
Q

[Parasympathetic/Sympathetic]

  • Rest and digest
  • Keeps body energy use low
A

Parasympathetic

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25
Q

[Parasympathetic/Sympathetic]

  • “Fight-or-flight” system
  • Involves E activities
A

Sympathetic

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26
Q

[TRUE/FALSE]

Neurons in the autonomic ganglia have dendrites.

A

TRUE

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27
Q

What is the dynamic balance between the autonomic branches?

A

Homeostasis

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28
Q

How many sympathetic chains are found on either side of the spine?

A

2

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29
Q

This is joined to form a lateral of sympathetic chain

A

Lateral ganglia

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30
Q

SNS is also known as

A

Thoracolumbar division

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31
Q

Illustrated by a person who is threatened

A

Fight or flight system, SNS or adrenaline rush

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32
Q

Modified sympathetic ganglion

A

Adrenal medulla

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33
Q

[TRUE/FALSE]

Instead of releasing the epinephrine to a target organ, it releases the catecholamines in the blood, which would go to the target tissue and enter the endocrine pathway.

34
Q

What do we secrete when we mediate a short-term response to stress?

A

Epinephrine or norepinephrine

35
Q

[TRUE/FALSE]

In SNS, all preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), while postganglionic neurons release catecholamines except for the adrenal medulla. Preganglionic nerves release epinephrine in the blood, while in sweat glands, postganglionic neurons release Ach instead of catecholamines.

36
Q

Which system has cranial and sacral nerves associated?

A

Craniosacral system

37
Q

Which division keeps body energy low?

A

Parasympathetic division

38
Q

Where does sympathetic originate?

A

Thoracolumbar

39
Q

Where does parasympathetic originate?

A

Craniosacral

40
Q

When two divisions act on different effectors for different effects

A

Antagonistic effect

41
Q

When two divisions act on different effectors for unified effect

A

Cooperative effect

42
Q

What are the receptors for acetylcholine (ACh)?

A

Nicotinic receptors (nACh-R) and Muscarinic receptors

43
Q

It allows a single nervous system to both increase and decrease the activity of a stimulated organ.

44
Q
  • A special division of the ANS
  • It is also called the “mini brain” of GIT since it has its own reflex arcs
A

Enteric Nervous System

45
Q

Regulates body fluid homeostasis; sensing the environment within the lumen

A

Submucosal

46
Q

Exerts control primarily over digestive tract motility; found in tunica muscularis

47
Q

It has ACh as the ligand

A

Cholinergic transmission

48
Q

2 types of transmission

A
  1. Cholinergic transmission
  2. Adrenergic transmission
49
Q

Who discovered ACh?

A

Henry Hallet Dale and Otto Loewi

50
Q

Where is the site of the ACh release?

A
  • All preganglionic terminals of
    ANS
  • Sympathetic postganglionic
    terminals at sweat glands
  • CNS
51
Q

Receptor found in ganglia of SNS & PNS; found in adrenal medulla

A

Nicotinic receptors

52
Q

What happens when there is too much ACh?

A
  • Channels are perpetually open
  • Permanent depolarization
53
Q

Which is high outside; goes in?

a. Sodium (Na+)
b. Potassium (K+)

A

a. Sodium (Na+)

54
Q

Which is high inside; goes out?

a. Sodium (Na+)
b. Potassium (K+)

A

b. Potassium (K+)

55
Q

This will not allow ACh to bind

A

Nicotinic Receptor Antagonists

56
Q

A neuromuscular blocking agent which can lead to flaccid paralysis

a. Tubocuranine
b. Hexamethonium

A

a. Tubocuranine

57
Q

Acts as a competitive antagonist at nicotinic post-ganglionic ACh receptors

a. Tubocuranine
b. Hexamethonium

A

b. Hexamethonium

58
Q

G-protein coupled receptors located on smooth and heart muscles

A

Muscarinic Receptors

59
Q
  • It has alpha, gamma, and beta
  • It will be inactive with guanosine diphosphate
60
Q

This will have your Gq

A

M1, M3 or M5 Receptor Pathway

61
Q
  • Stimulatory
  • Has Gs that tries to stimulate adenylate cyclase
A

M1 Receptor Pathway

62
Q
  • Inhibitory
  • Will inhibit the activation of adenylate cyclase
A

M2 or M4 Receptor Pathway

63
Q

What does Bordetella pertussis secrete that acts on Gi?

A

Pertussis toxin

64
Q

Prototype of muscarinic blockers, which is used for dilating pupils or treating OP poisoning

a. Atropine
b. Ipratropium
c. Scopolamine

A

a. Atropine

65
Q

Treatment for asthma and chronic pulmonary disease

a. Atropine
b. Ipratropium
c. Scopolamine

A

b. Ipratropium

66
Q

It was used as truth drug in World War II but is now used as treatment for motion sickness

a. Atropine
b. Ipratropium
c. Scopolamine

A

c. Scopolamine

67
Q
  • Very similar to muscarinic receptors that are also Gq
  • Acting on PKC
  • Allows calcium release or cellular depolarization
A

Alpha 1 Adrenergic Receptor Pathway

68
Q
  • Mostly in the heart
  • Increases heart rate & contractility
  • Renin-release
  • Increases Na+ and H2O retention
  • Renin-angiotensis-aldosterone system
A

B1-Adrenergic Receptors

69
Q
  • Smooth muscle cells
  • Bronchodilation
  • Decrease motility
  • Secretion of aqueous humor
  • More glucose
  • Release of glucagon
A

B2-Adrenergic Receptors

70
Q

T1-T4 spinal segments act on B1 receptors increasing heart rate and force of contraction

A

Antagonistic Effects (Sympathetic)

71
Q

Vagus nerve acts on M receptors slowing down the heart rate

A

Antagonistic Effects (Parasympathetic)

72
Q

Increase salivary MUCOUS secretion

A

Cooperative Effects (Sympathetic)

73
Q

Increase salivary SEROUS secretion

A

Cooperative Effects (Parasympathetic)

74
Q

Keeps almost all the systemic arterioles constricted to about one-half their maximum diameter

A

Sympathetic Tone in Heart and Blood Vessels

75
Q
  • Can also shift blood flow from one organ to another as needed
  • Prioritization of the blood vessels to skeletal muscles and heart in times of emergency
A

Sympathetic Tone in Heart and Blood Vessels

76
Q

Decreasing sympathetic stimulation

A

Vasodilation

77
Q

Sympathetic stimulation inhibits gastrointestinal motility

A

Parasympathetic Tone in Gastrointestinal Tract

78
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation increases

A

gastrointestinal peristalsis

79
Q
  • Primarily regulates body fluid homeostasis
  • Sensing the environment within the lumen
  • Regulating gastrointestinal blood flow
  • Controlling epithelial cell function
A

Submucosal or Meissner’s
Plexus

80
Q
  • Irreversible, non-competitive antagonist
  • Treatment of pheochromocytoma
  • Tumor of the adrenal medulla
A

Phenoxybenzamine

81
Q
  • Reversible, competitive antagonist
  • Treatment of hypertensive crisis
  • Can lead to a heart attack, stroke, or other life-threatening health problems
A

Phentolamine

PHYSIOL (6 decks)

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