AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards by Genella Alessandra Roallos

[Afferent/Efferent Neurons]

Sent using afferent nerves from sensations to CNS

Afferent Neurons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[Afferent/Efferent Neurons]

Brings out response from CNS to PNS

Efferent Neurons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[Autonomic/Somatic Division]

Regulates involuntary body responses

Autonomic Division

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[Autonomic/Somatic Division]

Voluntary movements by skeletal muscles

Somatic Division

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[Afferent/Efferent Neurons]

Cell bodies located in the VENTRAL HORN of the SPINAL CORD

Efferent Neurons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[Afferent/Efferent Neurons]

Cell bodies located OUTSIDE of the SPINAL CORD

Afferent Neurons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[Afferent/Efferent Nerve Fiber]

Sensory nerve fiber
Carries signals towards the CNS
Arrive in the spinal cord via
dorsal root of the spine

Afferent Nerve Fiber

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[Afferent/Efferent Nerve Fiber]

Motor nerve fiber
Carries nerve pulses awayf rom the CNS to effectors such as glands (visceral) or muscles (somatic)
Arise from the ventral root of the spine

Efferent Nerve Fiber

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is the afferent nerve processed?

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is the efferent nerve processed?

Somatic and autonomic nervous systems

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which organs does the autonomic nervous system process?

Heart, lungs, genitalia, GIT, glands, etc.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which is a two-neuron pathway?

a. Autonomic nervous system
b. Somatic nervous system

a. Autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which is a one-neuron pathway?

a. Autonomic nervous system
b. Somatic nervous system

b. Somatic nervous system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which fibers are thin myelinated axons from the CNS?

a. Preganglionic fibers
b. Postganglionic fibers

a. Preganglionic fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which fibers are unmyelinated axons from the CNS?

a. Preganglionic fibers
b. Postganglionic fibers

b. Postganglionic fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the ganglionic fibers are slower?

a. Preganglionic fibers
b. Postganglionic fibers

b. Postganglionic fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Increases the impulse or action potential transmission

Myelination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neurons in the autonomic ganglia have ____________.

Dendrites

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sympathetic has a [short/long] preganglionic neuron and a [short/long] postganglionic neuron.

short; long

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Parasympathetic has a [short/long] preganglionic nerve and a [short/long] postganglionic nerve.

long; short

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What will the parasympathetic system release in the preganglionic neuron & postganglionic neuron?

Both Acetylcholine (ACh)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What will the sympathetic system release in the preganglionic neuron & postganglionic neuron?

Preganglionic = Acetylcholine
Postganglionic = Catecholamines

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Norepinephrine and epinephrine that would act on smooth or cardiac muscle

Catecholamines

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[Parasympathetic/Sympathetic]

Rest and digest
Keeps body energy use low

Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[Parasympathetic/Sympathetic] - "Fight-or-flight" system - Involves E activities

Sympathetic

[TRUE/FALSE] Neurons in the autonomic ganglia have dendrites.

TRUE

What is the dynamic balance between the autonomic branches?

Homeostasis

How many sympathetic chains are found on either side of the spine?

This is joined to form a lateral of sympathetic chain

Lateral ganglia

SNS is also known as

Thoracolumbar division

Illustrated by a person who is threatened

Fight or flight system, SNS or adrenaline rush

Modified sympathetic ganglion

Adrenal medulla

[TRUE/FALSE] Instead of releasing the epinephrine to a target organ, it releases the catecholamines in the blood, which would go to the target tissue and enter the endocrine pathway.

FALSE

What do we secrete when we mediate a short-term response to stress?

Epinephrine or norepinephrine

[TRUE/FALSE] In SNS, all preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), while postganglionic neurons release catecholamines except for the adrenal medulla. Preganglionic nerves release epinephrine in the blood, while in sweat glands, postganglionic neurons release Ach instead of catecholamines.

TRUE

Which system has cranial and sacral nerves associated?

Craniosacral system

Which division keeps body energy low?

Parasympathetic division

Where does sympathetic originate?

Thoracolumbar

Where does parasympathetic originate?

Craniosacral

When two divisions act on different effectors for different effects

Antagonistic effect

When two divisions act on different effectors for unified effect

Cooperative effect

What are the receptors for acetylcholine (ACh)?

Nicotinic receptors (nACh-R) and Muscarinic receptors

It allows a single nervous system to both increase and decrease the activity of a stimulated organ.

Tone

- A special division of the ANS - It is also called the "mini brain" of GIT since it has its own reflex arcs

Enteric Nervous System

Regulates body fluid homeostasis; sensing the environment within the lumen

Submucosal

Exerts control primarily over digestive tract motility; found in tunica muscularis

Myenteric

It has ACh as the ligand

Cholinergic transmission

2 types of transmission

1. Cholinergic transmission 2. Adrenergic transmission

Who discovered ACh?

Henry Hallet Dale and Otto Loewi

Where is the site of the ACh release?

- All preganglionic terminals of ANS - Sympathetic postganglionic terminals at sweat glands - CNS

Receptor found in ganglia of SNS & PNS; found in adrenal medulla

Nicotinic receptors

What happens when there is too much ACh?

- Channels are perpetually open - Permanent depolarization

Which is high outside; goes in? a. Sodium (Na+) b. Potassium (K+)

a. Sodium (Na+)

Which is high inside; goes out? a. Sodium (Na+) b. Potassium (K+)

b. Potassium (K+)

This will not allow ACh to bind

Nicotinic Receptor Antagonists

A neuromuscular blocking agent which can lead to flaccid paralysis a. Tubocuranine b. Hexamethonium

a. Tubocuranine

Acts as a competitive antagonist at nicotinic post-ganglionic ACh receptors a. Tubocuranine b. Hexamethonium

b. Hexamethonium

G-protein coupled receptors located on smooth and heart muscles

Muscarinic Receptors

- It has alpha, gamma, and beta - It will be inactive with guanosine diphosphate

G-protein

This will have your Gq

M1, M3 or M5 Receptor Pathway

- Stimulatory - Has Gs that tries to stimulate adenylate cyclase

M1 Receptor Pathway

- Inhibitory - Will inhibit the activation of adenylate cyclase

M2 or M4 Receptor Pathway

What does Bordetella pertussis secrete that acts on Gi?

Pertussis toxin

Prototype of muscarinic blockers, which is used for dilating pupils or treating OP poisoning a. Atropine b. Ipratropium c. Scopolamine

a. Atropine

Treatment for asthma and chronic pulmonary disease a. Atropine b. Ipratropium c. Scopolamine

b. Ipratropium

It was used as truth drug in World War II but is now used as treatment for motion sickness a. Atropine b. Ipratropium c. Scopolamine

c. Scopolamine

- Very similar to muscarinic receptors that are also Gq - Acting on PKC - Allows calcium release or cellular depolarization

Alpha 1 Adrenergic Receptor Pathway

- Mostly in the heart - Increases heart rate & contractility - Renin-release - Increases Na+ and H2O retention - Renin-angiotensis-aldosterone system

B1-Adrenergic Receptors

- Smooth muscle cells - Bronchodilation - Decrease motility - Secretion of aqueous humor - More glucose - Release of glucagon

B2-Adrenergic Receptors

T1-T4 spinal segments act on B1 receptors increasing heart rate and force of contraction

Antagonistic Effects (Sympathetic)

Vagus nerve acts on M receptors slowing down the heart rate

Antagonistic Effects (Parasympathetic)

Increase salivary MUCOUS secretion

Cooperative Effects (Sympathetic)

Increase salivary SEROUS secretion

Cooperative Effects (Parasympathetic)

Keeps almost all the systemic arterioles constricted to about one-half their maximum diameter

Sympathetic Tone in Heart and Blood Vessels

- Can also shift blood flow from one organ to another as needed - Prioritization of the blood vessels to skeletal muscles and heart in times of emergency

Sympathetic Tone in Heart and Blood Vessels

Decreasing sympathetic stimulation

Vasodilation

Sympathetic stimulation inhibits gastrointestinal motility

Parasympathetic Tone in Gastrointestinal Tract

Parasympathetic stimulation increases

gastrointestinal peristalsis

- Primarily regulates body fluid homeostasis - Sensing the environment within the lumen - Regulating gastrointestinal blood flow - Controlling epithelial cell function

Submucosal or Meissner's Plexus

- Irreversible, non-competitive antagonist - Treatment of pheochromocytoma - Tumor of the adrenal medulla

Phenoxybenzamine

- Reversible, competitive antagonist - Treatment of hypertensive crisis - Can lead to a heart attack, stroke, or other life-threatening health problems

Phentolamine