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PHYSIOL > ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HEART > Flashcards

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HEART Flashcards

1
Q

The 3 principal components that make up the cardiovascular system are:

A
  1. Heart (the pump)
  2. Blood vessels (the pipes)
  3. Blood (fluid to be moved)
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2
Q

4 Electrical Properties

A
  1. Excitability
  2. Automaticity
  3. Rhythmicity
  4. Conductivity
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3
Q

Property of readily responding to a stimulus

A

Excitability

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4
Q

Property of specialized excitable tissue that allows self-activation through spontaneous development of an action potential

A

Automaticity

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5
Q

Recurrence of cardiac contraction at regular and repetitive intervals

A

Rhythmicity

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6
Q

Ability to transmit electric impulse

A

Conductivity

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7
Q

Mechanical Property

A

Contractility: ability to contract and relax

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8
Q

[TRUE/FALSE]

The structure of the heart completely encircles the blood-filled chambers.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

[TRUE/FALSE]

The blood being pumped through the heart chambers does exchange nutrients and metabolic end products with the myocardial cells.

A

FALSE

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10
Q

Has only a limited ability to replace its muscle cells

A

Cardiac cells

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11
Q

Recent experiments suggest that only ___% of heart muscles are replaced per year

A

1%

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12
Q

[TRUE/FALSE]

Heart attacks that result in myocyte death are so hard to fix.

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Upper chambers of the heart act as a reservoir and a booster pump for venous return

A

Atrium

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14
Q

A weak primer pump for the ventricle

A

Atrium

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15
Q

Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins

A

Left atrium

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16
Q

Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava

A

Right atrium

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17
Q

Lower chambers of the heart receives blood from the atria

A

Ventricle

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18
Q

Maintains circulation of blood in the lungs and provides energy to propel blood in the pulmonary circulation

A

Right ventricle

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19
Q

Maintains circulation of the blood to other organs, provides energy to propel blood through the systemic circulation

A

Left ventricle

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20
Q

Whatever happens in the blood flow in the right ventricle will affect the blood flow in the left ventricle

A

Series

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21
Q

Propels blood through the lungs for exchange of O2 and CO2

A

Pulmonary circuit

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22
Q

Blood flow in one area will not affect the blood flow in other area

A

Parallel

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23
Q

Propels blood to the other tissues

A

Systemic Circuit

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24
Q

[Systemic/Pulmonary Circuit]

Serves many organs

A

Systemic Circuit

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25
Q

[Systemic/Pulmonary Circuit]

Multiple functions

A

Systemic Circuit

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26
Q

[Systemic/Pulmonary Circuit]

Regulate more complex

A

Systemic Circuit

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27
Q

[Systemic/Pulmonary Circuit]

Serves lungs only

A

Pulmonary Circuit

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28
Q

[Systemic/Pulmonary Circuit]

Single function

A

Pulmonary Circuit

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29
Q

[Systemic/Pulmonary Circuit]

Little control

A

Pulmonary Circuit

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30
Q

[Systemic/Pulmonary Circuit]

Larger volume

A

Systemic Circuit

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31
Q

[Systemic/Pulmonary Circuit]

High pressure area

A

Systemic Circuit

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32
Q

[Systemic/Pulmonary Circuit]

High vascular resistance

A

Systemic Circuit

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33
Q

[Systemic/Pulmonary Circuit]

Smaller volume

A

Pulmonary Circuit

34
Q

[Systemic/Pulmonary Circuit]

Low pressure area

A

Pulmonary Circuit

35
Q

[Systemic/Pulmonary Circuit]

Low vascular resistance

A

Pulmonary Circuit

36
Q

Structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood.

A

Heart Valves

37
Q

Blood flow should be silent as long as it is smoothly flowing. If it hits anything that obstructs it, it will become turbulent and generate sound that can be heard with a stethoscope.

A

Abnormal Heart Sounds

38
Q

Most causes of heart murmurs in adults are valve problems.

A

Abnormal Heart Sounds

39
Q

Flap of a valve that may thicken, stiffen, or fuse together.

A

Stenotic or incompetent valves

40
Q

[TRUE/FALSE]

The heart receives its blood supply via arteries that branch from the aorta behind aortic valve cups.

41
Q

The arteries that supply the myocardium

A

Coronary arteries

42
Q

The blood flowing through the coronary arteries

A

Coronary blood flow

43
Q

Most of the cardiac veins drain into a single large vein called __________ ______, which empties into the right atrium.

A

Coronary sinus

44
Q

Changes in one or more of the coronary arteries cause insufficient blood flow to the heart (ischemia)

A

Coronary Artery Disease

45
Q

Can lead to myocardial infarction or heart attack

A

Coronary Artery Disease

46
Q

Include prolonged chest pain radiating to the left arm, nausea, vomiting, sweating, weakness, and shortness of breath.

A

Coronary Artery Disease Symptoms

47
Q

Coronary Artery Disease Diagnosis is by:

A

ECG and cardiac markers

48
Q

Occurs when blood flow decreases or stops in one of the coronary arteries of the heart, causing infarction (tissue death) to the heart muscle.

A

Myocardial infarction

49
Q

Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis

A
  1. Cigarette smoking
  2. High cholesterol & amino acids in the blood
  3. Hypertension
  4. Diabetes
  5. Obesity
  6. Sedentary lifestyle
  7. Stress
50
Q

Benefits of Exercise Against Heart Attack

A
  1. Decreased myocardial O2 demand
  2. Increased diameter of coronary arteries
  3. Decreased severity of hypertension & diabetes
  4. Decreased tendency of blood to clot
  5. Better control of blood glucose
51
Q

Treatments and Interventions (astherosclerosis)

A

Drugs:
1. Nitroglycerin
2. Beta-blockers
3. Anti-coagulants
4. Statin

Intervention:
1. Cardiac catheterization
2. Coronary bypass

52
Q
  • Rapid depolarization
  • Due to Na+ influx
A

Phase 0: Slow Depolarization

53
Q
  • Brief period of repolarization
  • Due to K+ efflux and decrease in Na+ influx
A

Phase 1: Initial Repolarization

54
Q
  • Plateau of AP
  • Due to increase in Ca2+ and decrease in Na+ influx
  • Ensure adequate ventricular filling
A

Phase 2: Plateau

55
Q
  • Repolarization
  • Decrease in Ca2+ influx and increase in K+ efflux
A

Phase 3: Repolarization

56
Q
  • Resting membrane potential (RMP)
A

Phase 4: Spontaneous Depolarization

57
Q

The pacemaker of the heart

A

Sinoatrial Node (SA)

58
Q

Has 0.1s delay to allow the atria to contract and to be filled

A

Atrioventricular Node (AV)

59
Q

[Atrial/Ventricular Excitation]

  • SA Node gives out impulse (Begins)
  • AV Node/Atriums contracts (End)
A

Atrial Excitation

60
Q

[Atrial/Ventricular Excitation]

  • Atrial relaxes; branches of AV receive impulses
  • Ventricle contracts = QRS complex
A

Ventricular Excitation

61
Q

Latent or secondary pacemakers

A

Ectopic foci

62
Q

Result of atrial depolarization

63
Q

Ventricular depolarization

A

QRS complex

64
Q

Obscured by QRS complex

A

Atrial repolarization

65
Q

Amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle

A

Cardiac output

66
Q

What is the normal cardiac output?

A

5.25 L/min.

67
Q

Difference between the End Diastolic Volume (EDV) and End Systolic Volume (ESV)

A

Stroke Volume

68
Q

Positive chronotropic factors

A

High heart rate

69
Q

Negative chronotropic factors

A

Lower heart rate

70
Q

Ventricular repolarization

71
Q

Conduction through the AV node and AV bundle

A

P-R segment

72
Q

A graphical record of the heart’s electrical activity

A

Electrocardiogram

73
Q
  • Inactivate fast-sodium channels
  • Reduce the rate of depolarization (decrease the slope of phase 0)
A

Sodium-channel blockers (quinidine)

74
Q
  • Affect the plateau phase (phase 2) of the action potential
A

Calcium-channel blockers (verapamil and diltiazem)

75
Q
  • Delay repolarization (phase 3) by blocking the potassium channels
A

Potassium-channel blockers

76
Q

Uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions caused by a defect in the conduction system

A

Arrhythmias

77
Q

A rapid and irregular (usually out of phase) contraction where the SA node is no longer controlling heart rate

A

Fibrillation

78
Q

Can cause clotting and inefficient filling of the ventricles

A

Atrial fibrillation

79
Q
  • When the ventricles pump without filling
  • Major cause of death during myocardial infarction
A

Ventricular fibrillation

80
Q

Damage to the AV node results in:

A

Heart Block

PHYSIOL (6 decks)

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